視力矯正、視能矯正

WordNet

treatment of defects of binocular vision (such as strabismus and amblyopia) by nonsurgical measures (especially by exercises to strengthen the eye muscles)
of or relating to normal binocular vision

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/22 10:45:53」(JST)

wiki en

Orthoptics is a profession allied to medicine whose primary remit is the diagnosis and non-medical management of strabismus (squint), amblyopia (lazy eye) and eye movement disorders. ^[1] The word orthoptics comes from the Greek words ὀρθός orthos, "straight" and ὀπτικός optikοs, "relating to sight" and much of the practice of orthoptists concerns refraction and muscular eye control.^[2] Orthoptists are trained professionals who specialize in orthoptic treatment, but generally without any medical qualifications. With specific training, in some countries orthoptists may be involved in monitoring of some forms of eye disease, such as glaucoma, cataract screening and diabetic retinopathy ^[3]

History of Orthoptics

Orthoptics has a long history in supporting ophthalmic care. French ophthalmologist Louis Emile Javal, began using ocular exercises to treat strabismus (eye turns) and described the practice of orthoptics in his writings in the late 19th century. Mary Maddox pioneered the orthoptic profession and was the first documented orthoptist. She was trained by her father, Ernest E. Maddox, in response to increasing patient demand and time needed to examine and treat patients. Ernest Maddox was a reputed ophthalmologist as well as the inventor of various instruments for investigating binocular vision.^[4] Mary Maddox started her own practice in London in the early 1920s and her first hospital clinic opened at the Royal Westminster Hospital in 1928.^[3]^[5] The first Australian hospital clinic with orthoptists was established at the Alfred Hospital in Melbourne in 1931.

Education

While orthoptic programs began as hospital-based traineeships, bachelor and masters programs in Orthoptics are now offered in many countries. Post-graduate programs such and professional doctorates and PhDs are also available. Currently, approximately 17 orthoptic programs are offered around the world. While orthoptic programs differ, students learn to assess, diagnose and manage ocular disorders. More information regarding orthoptic education can be found on the International Orthoptic Association website.

Orthoptic journals

Orthoptists make a significant contribution to research in eye health care and publish in many well-renowned ophthalmology journals. In addition, most orthoptic associations organize an annual conference and publish a national journal consisting of advancements and research developments in eye health care. Every four years the International Orthoptic Association also organizes a worldwide Congress. A variety of orthoptic journals and their table of contents can be found on the International Orthoptic Association website. The University of Liverpool also offers a search facility of various orthoptic journals that date back to the 1940s and the transactions of related meetings.

Current orthoptic practice

Orthoptists are mainly involved with diagnosing and managing patients with binocular vision disorders which relate to amblyopia, extraocular muscle balance such as with version, refractive errors, vergence, accommodation imbalances, (positive relative accommodation and negative relative accommodation). They work closely with ophthalmologists to ensure that patients with eye muscle disorders are offered a full range of treatment options. According to the International Orthoptic Association, professional orthoptic practice involves the following:^[6]

Primary activities
- Ocular motility diagnosis & co-management^[7]
- Vision screening
- Assessment of special needs^[8]
- Assessment and rehabilitation in neurological disorders^[9]
Secondary activities
- Low Vision assessment and management^[10]^[11]^[12]
- Glaucoma assessment & stable glaucoma management^[13]
- Biometry (includes sonography work)^[14]^[15]
- Fundus photography & screening^[16]
- Visual electrodiagnosis^[17]
- Retinoscopy and refraction, such as using a phoropter to assess refractive errors^[18]
Further activities
- Specific outpatient waiting list initiatives to reduce the delay for children referred to the eye clinic (filter screening)^[19]
- Joint multidisciplinary children’s vision screening clinics (orthoptics/optometry)^[20]
- Organisation/prioritisation of the strabismus surgical admissions list according to agreed criteria
- Assistance with surgical procedures

References

^ International Orthoptic Association document "professional role"
^ http://www.tcos.ca/about_orthoptics.html
^ ^a ^b Vukicevic, M., Koklanis, K and Giribaldi, M. Orthoptics: Evolving to meet increasing demand for eye service. In Insight news. March 2013: Sydney, Australia.
^ "Ernest Edmund Maddox (1863 - 1933)" (in French). 2006-06-03. Retrieved 2014-09-17.
^ Helveston, EM (2005). "Visual training: current status in ophthalmology". American journal of ophthalmology 140 (5): 903–10. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.06.003. PMID 16310470.
^ http://www.internationalorthoptics.org/download/1160331924_3.1._pr_01_rev_06.doc
^ McCarry, B (1999). "Orthoptists' Current Shared Care Role in Ophthalmology". Br Orthopt J 56: 11–18.
^ K.Fitzmaurice, H Maclean "A Method of Assessing Visual Performance Applicable to Multi-Handicapped Children." Trans. IXth IOC, 1999 Ed.Cynthia Pritchard, Marli Kohler, Dagmar Verlohr, p 111-5.
^ Fowler, MS (1991). "Orthoptic Investigation of Neurological Patients Undergoing Rehabilitation". Br Orthopt J 48: 2–7.
^ Enrica Colombo: The Orthoptist Visual-Therapist. Trans. VIIth IOC 1991, Ed G.Tillson, p 365.
^ Fujita, J.; Aoki, S. et al. (2000). "Orthoptists in Low Vision Clinic". J.O.J. 28: 239–243.
^ Fitzmaurice, K. (1999). "Low vision rehabilitation: An update". Australian Orthoptic Journal 34: 9–14.
^ Amano, M.; Yamaguchi, N. et al. (1999). "Glaucoma Screening in Health Checkups". J.O.J. 27: 153–158.
^ http://www.australianorthopticboard.org.au/Registration/Registration.html
^ Edwards, RS et al. (1999). "The Role of Orthoptists in Biometry". Br Orthopt J 56: 19–21.
^ Georgievski, Z; Koklanis, K; Fenton, A; Koukouras, I. (2007). "Victorian orthoptists' performance in the photo evaluation of diabetic retinopathy". Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 35 (8): 733–738. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2007.01576.x.
^ JW Weiss, M Munck, E Muller-Feuga: The Orthoptist and Electro-Oculography. Trans. Vth IOC 1983, Ed.AP Ravault, Marlis Lenk, p 373-79
^ http://www.ranzco.edu/orthoptists-and-prescribing-in-nsw
^ VK Lantau et al: State of the Rotterdam Amblyopia Screening Project. Trans. IXth IOC, 1999 Ed.Cynthia Pritchard, Marli Kohler, Dagmar Verlohr, p 39-45.
^ G.Schalit et al: A New Model for the Evaluation and Management of Strabismus, Amblyopia and Refractive Error in Children. Trans. IXth IOC, 1999 Ed.Cynthia Pritchard, Marli Kohler, Dagmar Verlohr, p 357.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における水平斜視の原因 causes of horizontal strabismus in children

English Journal

Evaluation of stimulus velocity in automated kinetic perimetry in young healthy participants.

Hirasawa K1, Shoji N2, Okada A3, Takano K3, Tomioka S3.Author information 1Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan. Electronic address: hirasawa@kitasato-u.ac.jp.2Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan; Department of Orthoptics and Visual Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan.3Department of Orthoptics and Visual Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan.AbstractThis prospective study aimed to evaluate the stimulus velocity for automated kinetic perimetry based on the test duration, the kinetic sensitivity, and the variability of the kinetic sensitivity in 31 eyes of 31 young healthy participants. Automated kinetic perimetry was performed using an Octopus 900 perimeter with Goldmann stimuli III4e, I4e, I3e, I2e, and I1e. The participants underwent testing at 14 predetermined meridians for each stimulus, with velocities of 2°, 3°, 4°, 5°, and 10°/s; each velocity was tested twice. The test duration, kinetic sensitivity, and variability of kinetic sensitivity were compared among the stimulus velocities. Twenty-nine eyes from 29 participants were analyzed, and two participants were excluded. The test durations at the velocities of 2°, 3°, 4°, 5°, and 10°/s were negatively correlated with the stimulus velocity (p<0.01). The variability of the kinetic sensitivities did not significantly differ among the stimulus velocities. The kinetic sensitivities at 2° and 3°/s did not differ significantly for all stimuli. However, those at 4°/s decreased for III4e, I4e, and I1e (p<0.05), and those at 5° and 10°/s decreased for all stimuli (p<0.05) compared with those at 2° or 3°/s. Although the test durations for each stimulus velocity were negatively correlated with the stimulus velocities, a stimulus velocity of 3° or 4°/s might be recommended for automated kinetic perimetry based on the changes in the kinetic sensitivity. As this study included only young participants, further studies in elderly participants may also be necessary.
Vision research.Vision Res.2014 Apr 3. pii: S0042-6989(14)00068-6. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2014.03.010. [Epub ahead of print]
This prospective study aimed to evaluate the stimulus velocity for automated kinetic perimetry based on the test duration, the kinetic sensitivity, and the variability of the kinetic sensitivity in 31 eyes of 31 young healthy participants. Automated kinetic perimetry was performed using an Octopus 9
PMID 24705075

Normative visual acuity in infants and preschool-aged children in Sydney.

Leone JF1, Mitchell P, Kifley A, Rose KA; Sydney Childhood Eye Studies.Author information 1Discipline of Orthoptics, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia.AbstractPURPOSE: To provide population-based normative visual acuity (VA) by age, in children participating in the Sydney Paediatric Eye Disease Study aged 6 to <72 months.
Acta ophthalmologica.Acta Ophthalmol.2014 Mar 9. doi: 10.1111/aos.12366. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE: To provide population-based normative visual acuity (VA) by age, in children participating in the Sydney Paediatric Eye Disease Study aged 6 to <72 months.METHODS: Monocular VA was measured using the Amblyopia Treatment Study (ATS HOTV) protocol (24 to <72 months). Some children wer
PMID 24606232

Increases in the prevalence of reduced visual acuity and myopia in Chinese children in Guangzhou over the past 20 years.

Xiang F1, He M2, Zeng Y3, Mai J4, Rose KA5, Morgan IG6.Author information 11] State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China [2] ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science and Visual Sciences Group, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.21] State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China [2] Helen Keller International, New York, NY, USA.3State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China.4Guangzhou Student's Health Care Institute of the Guangzhou City, Department of Education, Guangzhou, China.5Discipline of Orthoptics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia.6ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science and Visual Sciences Group, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.AbstractBACKGROUND/AIMS: To estimate the prevalence of myopia based on reduced unaided visual acuity (VA) in Chinese school children over the past 20 years.
Eye (London, England).Eye (Lond).2013 Dec;27(12):1353-8. doi: 10.1038/eye.2013.194. Epub 2013 Sep 6.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: To estimate the prevalence of myopia based on reduced unaided visual acuity (VA) in Chinese school children over the past 20 years.METHODS: Guangzhou school health authorities have measured VA on Grade 1-12 students from 1988 to 2007 annually, using a LogMAR tumbling E chart. VA is
PMID 24008929

Japanese Journal

HMCメガネ:色によって印象を変化させる眼鏡型HMD

内海舞子,栗原一貴
情報処理学会研究報告. HCI, ヒューマンコンピュータインタラクション研究会報告 2015-HCI-163(11), 1-6, 2015-05-07
日々の生活で自分の外見的印象を良くしたい場面は多くある.そこで,印象を変える手段として色と眼鏡に注目する.色彩学では色ごとに象徴するイメージがあり,色によって自分の印象を変化させることができる.また,着用者本人にも日常生活で有利となる心理的効果が期待できる.一方で眼鏡は,錯視が発生し目を大きく見せる効果がある.また近年では,単なる視力矯正用の道具だけではなく,ファッションの一部として使用されること …
NAID 110009897048

脳神経超音波検査が中大脳動脈および眼動脈血流の評価に有用であった眼虚血症候群の1例

茨木康彦,高野勝信,渡邊剛助,西原智子,柴田勝康,山田豊,佐藤慎,櫻井寿郎
Neurosonology:神経超音波医学 28(1), 25-28, 2015
An 80-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with disturbance of consciousness, and complained of bilateral aggravated visual acuity 10 days after admission. Carotid Doppler ultrasonography showed …
NAID 130005072448

立体視教材試作のための基礎研究 : 静的立体視不良者における視能特性の評価

田村省悟
九州保健福祉大学研究紀要 15, 121-127, 2014-03
The characteristics of the visual function of students with poor static stereopsis need to be clarified prior to manufacturing an experimental learning aid for teaching stereopsis. Therefore, we evalu …
NAID 110009799883