WordNet

make ones way by force; "He muscled his way into the office"
animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile cells (同)muscular_tissue
one of the contractile organs of the body (同)musculus
authority or power or force (especially when used in a coercive way); "the senators used their muscle to get the party leader to resign"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(動物体の組織としての)『筋肉』,筋(きん);〈C〉(体の各部を動かす)筋肉 / 〈U〉力,(特に)筋力,腕力 / 《俗に》(…に)強引に割り込む《+『in on』(『into, through』)+『名』》
筋肉の,筋力のある / 力ずくの

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/20 14:44:11」(JST)

wiki en

The orbicularis oculi is a muscle in the face that closes the eyelids. It arises from the nasal part of the frontal bone, from the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove, and from the anterior surface and borders of a short fibrous band, the medial palpebral ligament.

From this origin, the fibers are directed lateralward, forming a broad and thin layer, which occupies the eyelids or palpebræ, surrounds the circumference of the orbit, and spreads over the temple, and downward on the cheek.

The palpebral portion of the muscle is thin and pale; it arises from the bifurcation of the medial palpebral ligament, forms a series of concentric curves, and is inserted into the lateral palpebral raphe at the outer canthus (corner) of eye.^[1]

The orbital portion is thicker and of a reddish color; its fibers form a complete ellipse without interruption at the lateral palpebral commissure; the upper fibers of this portion blend with the Frontalis and Corrugator.

The lacrimal part (tensor tarsi) is a small, thin muscle, about 6 mm in breadth and 12 mm in length, situated behind the medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal sac. It arises from the posterior crest and adjacent part of the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone, and passing behind the lacrimal sac, divides into two slips, upper and lower, which are inserted into the superior and inferior tarsi medial to the puncta lacrimalia; occasionally it is very indistinct.

Actions

The muscle acts to close the eye, and is the only muscle capable of doing so. Loss of function for any reason results in an inability to close the eye, necessitating eye drops at the minimum to removal of the eye in extreme cases.

The palpebral portion acts involuntarily, closing the lids gently, as in sleep or in blinking; the orbital portion is subject to conscious control. When the entire muscle is brought into action, the skin of the forehead, temple, and cheek is drawn toward the medial angle of the orbit, and the eyelids are firmly closed, as in photophobia. The skin thus drawn upon is thrown into folds, especially radiating from the lateral angle of the eyelids; these folds become permanent in senescence, and form the so-called “crow's feet.” The Levator palpebræ superioris is the direct antagonist of this muscle; it raises the upper eyelid and exposes the front of the bulb of the eye. In addition, the orbital and palpebral portions can work independent of each other, as in the furrowing of the brows by contraction of the orbital to reduce glare while keeping the eyes open by virtue of the relaxation of the palpebral.^[1]

Each time the eyelids are closed through the action of the Orbicularis, the medial palpebral ligament is tightened, the wall of the lacrimal sac is thus drawn lateralward and forward, so that a vacuum is made in it and the tears are sucked along the lacrimal canals into it. The lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi draws the eyelids and the ends of the lacrimal canals medialward and compresses them against the surface of the globe of the eye, thus placing them in the most favorable situation for receiving the tears; it also compresses the lacrimal sac. This part comprises two pieces: Horner's muscle and the muscle of Riolan, the latter helps hold the eyelids together to keep the lacrimal passage waterproof.^[1]

Associated pathology, such as a lesion of the facial nerve seen in Bell's palsy results in the inability to blink or close the ipsilateral eyelid. Subsequent lack of irrigation increases the risk of corneal inflammation and ulcers.^{[citation needed]}

Other muscles involved

Levator palpebrae superior

As well as inactive control from the orbicularis oculi, the levator superior aponeurosis actively contributes to size of aperture. It starts at the apex of the orbit (eye socket) as a thin tendon, and broadens until it reaches the eyelids, between the tarsal plate and the skin. Since it is connected with other muscles that move the eye proper the eye tends to move up with the upper eyelid.^[1]

Sympathetic

Both the levator and the orbicularis are striated and voluntary. However, there are unstriated fibers which are involuntary and of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, which when both contracted, the upper and lower eyelids are raised and lowered respectively. These widen the palpebral aperture.^[1]

Note

It is involved in the cornea reflex. This can be used to examine the facial nerve even in unconscious patients.

Adjacent facial muscles

A number of auxiliary muscles assist in cooperating with the eyelid muscles. For example, the corrugator supercilii pulls the eyebrows to the bridge of the nose, making a roof over the middle of the forehead and forehead wrinkles, used mainly to protect the eyes from excess sunlight. The procerus (pyramidalis) muscles, in the bridge of the nose, arise from the lower nasal bone to the lower forehead, on each side of the midline. The procerus muscles pull the skin into horizontal wrinkles. The frontalis muscle, which runs from the upper forehead, halfway between the coronal suture (which traverses the top of the skull) and the top edge of the orbit, attaches to the eyebrow skin. Since it pulls the eyebrows upward, it is the antagonist of the orbicularis oculi. It is used in looking up, and increasing vision if there is insufficient light or when objects are far away.^[1]

Additional images

Muscles of head and neck
Frontal bone. Outer surface.
Left lacrimal bone. Orbital surface. Enlarged
Left maxilla. Outer surface.
The arteries of the face and scalp.
Sagittal section of right orbital cavity.
Sagittal section through the upper eyelid.

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Eye, Human."Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2010

External links

PTCentral

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Epicanthal fold correction: Our experience and comparison among three kinds of epicanthoplasties.

Wang S, Shi F, Luo X, Liu F, Zhou X, Yang J, Yang Q, Wang X.SourceDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS.J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg.2013 May;66(5):682-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2013.01.028. Epub 2013 Mar 14.
Epicanthal fold, which is unique to Asian population, forms a web across and covering the medial canthus. It often impairs the beauty of the eyelids and the outcome of double-eyelid blepharoplasty that is popular in Asians. Although many surgical procedures have been reported, most of them were only
PMID 23499505

Two modified techniques to decrease complications of buried suture double-eyelid blepharoplasty.

Mizuno T.SourceAnesis Biyogeka Clinic, Okazaki, Japan. Electronic address: anesis@biyoclinic.com.
Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS.J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg.2013 Apr;66(4):e95-e100. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2012.11.019. Epub 2012 Dec 8.
BACKGROUND: Double-eyelid blepharoplasty is performed using two alternative approaches: the incision method and the suture method. Buried suture double-eyelid blepharoplasty involves implantation of a foreign material, that is, the suture thread. Therefore, potential complications caused by foreign
PMID 23232449

Japanese Journal

Stereoscopic Three-Dimensional Images of an Anatomical Dissection of the Eyeball and Orbit for Educational Purposes

Matsuo Toshihiko,Takeda Yoshimasa,Ohtsuka Aiji
Acta Medica Okayama 67(2), 87-91, 2013-04-00
… The skin, orbicularis oculi muscle, and upper and lower tarsus were sequentially observed. … The sclera was further cut to visualize the superior oblique muscle with the trochlea and the inferior oblique muscle. …
NAID 120005232497

ポジティブ情動における情動経験と表情筋活動

木村健太,江原清香,片山順一
JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON EMOTIONS 20(3), 96-104, 2013
… Present study examined the subjective experience of emotion and facial muscle activity by facial electromyographic (fEMG) monitoring in three types of positive emotions; … In addition, the positive emotions activated the orbicularis oculi and the zygomatic major muscles according to the degree of arousal of the positive emotions. …
NAID 130003372624

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「眼輪筋」「musculus orbicularis oculi」
関連記事	「orbicular」「orbicularis」「muscle」

「眼輪筋」

Orbicularis oculi muscle
Details
Origin	frontal bone; medial palpebral ligament; lacrimal bone
Insertion	lateral palpebral raphe
Artery	ophthalmic, zygomatico-orbital, angular
Nerve	Temporal (orbital, palpebral) & Zygomatic (lacrimal) branches of Facial Nerve
Actions	closes eyelids
Antagonist	levator palpebrae superioris
Identifiers
Latin	musculus orbicularis oculi also musculus orbicularis palpebrarum
Dorlands; /Elsevier	m_22/12549996
TA	A04.1.03.013
FMA	46779
	Anatomical terms of muscle [edit on Wikidata]