ophthalmic artery

眼動脈

同

眼動脈

WordNet

1. a major thoroughfare that bears important traffic
2. a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body (同)arteria, arterial blood vessel
3. of or relating to the eye; "ophthalmic defect"
4. of or relating to ophthalmology; "ophthalmic surgery"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 動脈 / (道路・水路・鉄道などの)勘線,(通信の)主チャンネル
2. 目の,眼科の,眼炎の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/26 08:41:52」(JST)

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Artery: Ophthalmic artery
The ophthalmic artery and its branches.
Circle of Willis (Ophthalmic artery labeled at upper right)
Latin	arteria ophthalmica
Gray's	subject #146, p.568
Source	Internal carotid
Branches	Lacrimal artery Supraorbital artery Posterior ethmoidal artery Anterior ethmoidal artery Internal palpebral artery Supratrochlear artery Dorsal nasal artery Posterior ciliary arteries Long posterior ciliary arteries Short posterior ciliary arteries Anterior ciliary artery Central retinal artery Superior muscular artery Inferior muscular artery
Vein	superior ophthalmic, inferior ophthalmic
MeSH	Ophthalmic+Artery

The ophthalmic artery (OA) is the first branch of the internal carotid artery distal to the cavernous sinus. Branches of the OA supply all the structures in the orbit as well as some structures in the nose, face and meninges. Occlusion of the OA or its branches can produce sight-threatening conditions.

Course and branches

Course from internal carotid to orbit

The OA emerges from the internal carotid artery usually just after the latter emerges from the cavernous sinus although in some cases, the OA branches just before the internal carotid exits the cavernous sinus. The OA arises from the internal carotid along the medial side of the anterior clinoid process and runs anteriorly passing through the optic canal with and inferolaterally to the optic nerve. Here, it should be noted that the ophthalmic artery can also pass superiorly to the optic nerve in a minority of cases. In the posterior third of the cone of the orbit, the ophthalmic artery turns sharply medially to run along the medial wall of the orbit.

Central retinal artery

The central retinal artery is the first, and one of the smaller branches of the OA and runs in the dura mater inferior to the optic nerve. About 12.5mm (0.5 inches) posterior to the globe, the central retinal artery turns superiorly and penetrates the optic nerve continuing along the center of the optic nerve entering the eye to supply the inner retinal layers.

Lacrimal artery

The next branch of the OA is the lacrimal artery, one of the largest, arises just as the OA enters the orbit and runs along the superior edge of the lateral rectus muscle to supply the lacrimal gland, eyelids and conjunctiva.

Posterior ciliary arteries

The OA then turns medially giving off 1 to 5 posterior ciliary arteries (PCA) that subsequently branch into the long and short posterior ciliary arteries (LPCA and SPCA respectively) which perforate the sclera posteriorly in the vicinity of the optic nerve and macula to supply the posterior uveal tract. In the past, anatomists made little distinction between the posterior ciliary arteries and the short and long posterior ciliary arteries often using the terms synonymously. However, recent work by Hayreh has shown that there is both an anatomic and clinically useful distinction. The PCAs arise directly from the OA and are end arteries which is to say no PCA or any of its branches anastomose with any other artery. Consequently, sudden occlusion of any PCA will produce an infarct in the region of the choroid supplied by that particular PCA. Occlusion of a short or long PCA will produce a smaller choroidal infarct within the larger area supplied by the specific parent PCA.

Muscular branches

The OA continues medially the superior and inferior muscular branches arise either from the OA or a single trunk from the OA subsequently divides into superior and inferior branches to supply the extraocular muscles.

Supraorbital artery

The supraorbital artery branches from the OA as it passes over the optic nerve. The supraorbital artery passes anteriorly along the medial border of the superior rectus and levator palpebrae and through the supraorbital foramen to supply muscles and skin of the forehead.

Ethmoidal arteries

After reaching the medial wall of the orbit, the OA again turns anteriorly. The posterior ethmoidal artery enters the nose via the posterior ethmoidal canal and supplies the posterior ethmoidal sinuses and enters the skull to supply the meninges.

The OA continues anteriorly, giving off the anterior ethmoidal artery which enters the nose after traversing the anterior ethmoidal canal and supplies the anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses as well as the frontal sinus and also enters the cranium to supply the meninges.

Medial palpebral arteries

The OA continues anteriorly to the trochlea where the medial palpebral arteries (superior and inferior) arise and supply the eyelids.

Terminal branches

The OA terminates in two branches, the supratrochlear (or frontal) artery and the dorsal nasal artery. Both exit the orbit medially to supply the forehead and nose.

Classification of ophthalmic artery branches

Because of the obvious importance of the ocular globe branches of the ophthalmic artery are often subdivided into two groups: those that supply the eyeball (ocular group) and those that supply nonocular orbital structures (orbital group). http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/subjects/subject/146

Orbital group

The orbital group, distributing vessels to the orbit and surrounding parts, includes:

• Lacrimal artery
• Supraorbital artery
• Posterior ethmoidal artery
• Anterior ethmoidal artery
• Medial palpebral artery
• Frontal artery, also called the Supratrochlear artery
• Dorsal nasal artery

Ocular group

The ocular group, distributing vessels to the eye and its muscles, includes:

• Posterior ciliary arteries
• Long posterior ciliary arteries
• Short posterior ciliary arteries
• Anterior ciliary artery
• Central retinal artery
• Superior muscular artery
• Inferior muscular artery

Structures supplied by ophthalmic artery

Branches of the ophthalmic artery supply:

• Frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle
• Inferior oblique muscle
• Inferior rectus muscle
• Lacrimal gland
• Lateral rectus muscle
• Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
• Medial rectus muscle
• Nasalis muscle
• Procerus muscle
• Superior oblique muscle
• Superior rectus muscle

Occlusion

Further information: Ocular ischemic syndrome

Severe occlusion of the ophthalmic artery causes ocular ischemic syndrome. As with central retinal artery occlusions, ophthalmic artery occlusions may result from systemic cardiovascular diseases; however, a cherry-red spot is typically absent and the vision is usually worse. Amaurosis fugax is a temporary loss of vision that occurs in two conditions which cause a temporary reduction in ophthalmic artery pressure: orthostatic hypotension and positive acceleration.

Even complete occlusion of the ophthalmic artery may possibly leave the eye without symptoms, probably because of circulatory anastomoses

Additional images

• Dura mater and its processes exposed by removing part of the right half of the skull, and the brain.

• Tympanic cavity. Facial canal. Internal carotid artery.

See also

• Fluorescein angiography

References

External links

• MedEd at Loyola Neuro/neurovasc/navigation/opht.htm
• SUNY Labs 29:03-0102
• http://neuroangio.org/anatomy-and-variants/ophthalmic-artery/

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 一過性黒内障（一過性単眼または両眼視力低下） amaurosis fugax transient monocular or binocular visual loss
• 2. 網膜中心動脈閉塞症および網膜動脈分枝閉塞症 central and branch retinal artery occlusion
• 3. 現在開発中の冠動脈ステントの種類 coronary artery stent types in development
• 4. 側頭動脈生検の手技 temporal artery biopsy technique
• 5. 腸骨動脈瘤の手術および血管内修復 surgical and endovascular repair of iliac artery aneurysm

English Journal

• Severity of middle cerebral artery occlusion determines retinal deficits in rats.

• Allen RS1, Sayeed I2, Cale HA3, Morrison KC4, Boatright JH5, Pardue MT6, Stein DG7.Author information 1Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Electronic address: restewa@emory.edu.2Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Electronic address: isayeed@emory.edu.3Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Electronic address: hcale@u.washington.edu.4Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Electronic address: cillakat@gmail.com.5Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Electronic address: jboatri@emory.edu.6Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Rehab R&D Center of Excellence, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA. Electronic address: mpardue@emory.edu.7Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Electronic address: donald.stein@emory.edu.AbstractMiddle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using the intraluminal suture technique is a common model used to study cerebral ischemia in rodents. Due to the proximity of the ophthalmic artery to the middle cerebral artery, MCAO blocks both arteries, causing both cerebral ischemia and retinal ischemia. While previous studies have shown retinal dysfunction at 48h post-MCAO, we investigated whether these retinal function deficits persist until 9days and whether they correlate with central neurological deficits. Rats received 90min of transient MCAO followed by electroretinography at 2 and 9days to assess retinal function. Retinal damage was assessed with cresyl violet staining, immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase, and TUNEL staining. Rats showed behavioral deficits as assessed with neuroscore that correlated with cerebral infarct size and retinal function at 2days. Two days after surgery, rats with moderate MCAO (neuroscore <5) exhibited delays in electroretinogram implicit time, while rats with severe MCAO (neuroscore ≥5) exhibited reductions in amplitude. Glutamine synthetase was upregulated in Müller cells 3days after MCAO in both severe and moderate animals; however, retinal ganglion cell death was only observed in MCAO retinas from severe animals. By 9days after MCAO, both glutamine synthetase labeling and electroretinograms had returned to normal levels in moderate animals. Early retinal function deficits correlated with behavioral deficits. However, retinal function decreases were transient, and selective retinal cell loss was observed only with severe ischemia, suggesting that the retina is less susceptible to MCAO than the brain. Temporary retinal deficits caused by MCAO are likely due to ischemia-induced increases in extracellular glutamate that impair signal conduction, but resolve by 9days after MCAO.
• Experimental neurology.Exp Neurol.2014 Apr;254:206-15. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.02.005. Epub 2014 Feb 8.
• Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using the intraluminal suture technique is a common model used to study cerebral ischemia in rodents. Due to the proximity of the ophthalmic artery to the middle cerebral artery, MCAO blocks both arteries, causing both cerebral ischemia and retinal ischemia. W
• PMID 24518488

• Panophthalmoplegia and vision loss after cosmetic nasal dorsum injection.

• Kim SN1, Byun DS1, Park JH1, Han SW2, Baik JS1, Kim JY1, Park JH1.Author information 1Department of Neurology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, 761-1 Sanggye 7, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-707, South Korea.2Department of Neurology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, 761-1 Sanggye 7, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-707, South Korea. Electronic address: swhan@paik.ac.kr.AbstractWe report a case of unilateral blindness and panophthalmoplegia after hyaluronic acid injection into the dorsum of the nose in a healthy young woman. Microspheres of hyaluronic acid are popular fillers for facial rejuvenation. While ocular side effects from injections in the nose and face have been reported following turbinate injection, rhinoplasty and infraorbital nerve block, ocular side effects from injection into the dorsum of the nose are extremely rare. We presume that the symptoms were due to obstruction of the branches of the ophthalmic artery. Under high injection pressure, the microspheres travelled to the ophthalmic artery and were propelled by the blood flow to the central retinal artery and the anterior and posterior long ciliary arteries, leading to her symptoms. Alternatively, there are several arterio-venous anastomotic channels in the nasal mucosa that aid heat exchange. These may have been the conduit for reflux of the filler into the arterial side of the regional circulation. Physicians must remain aware of serious complications during cosmetic injections to this region.
• Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia.J Clin Neurosci.2014 Apr;21(4):678-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2013.05.018. Epub 2013 Aug 9.
• We report a case of unilateral blindness and panophthalmoplegia after hyaluronic acid injection into the dorsum of the nose in a healthy young woman. Microspheres of hyaluronic acid are popular fillers for facial rejuvenation. While ocular side effects from injections in the nose and face have been
• PMID 24210801

• Treatment of ophthalmic segment carotid aneurysms using the pipeline embolization device: clinical and angiographic follow-up.

• Moon K, Albuquerque FC, Ducruet AF, Webster Crowley R, McDougall CG.AbstractObjectives: Aneurysms of the ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) often present unique challenges to endovascular treatment due to their proximity to or involvement of the ophthalmic artery, and the subsequent risk of post-operative visual complications. The pipeline embolization device (PED) represents a paradigm shift and promising new therapy in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. We reviewed the ophthalmic segment ICA aneurysms treated with the PED at Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) to report outcome data, including patency of the ophthalmic artery and visual complications. Methods: The prospectively maintained BNI endovascular database was reviewed for all patients with ophthalmic segment ICA aneurysms treated with the PED since May 2011. Patient charts and digital subtraction angiograms were reviewed to report angiographic outcomes and visual complications. Only patients with at least 6 months of follow-up were included in the analysis. Results: Of 30 patients treated with ophthalmic segment aneurysms during the study period, sufficient follow-up was available for 29 patients with 38 aneurysms, all of which were treated electively. The PED was successfully deployed for all lesions, with 92·1% complete or near-complete obliteration rate at angiographic follow-up. All but one patient were found to have a patent ophthalmic artery at short-term follow-up and 100% of patients retained intact vision. Five patients had minor periprocedural hemorrhagic complications but no permanent morbidities. There were no intracranial hemorrhages, thromboembolic phenomena, vessel dissections, or mortalities. Conclusion: Treatment of ophthalmic segment ICA aneurysms with the PED is safe and effective at short-term follow-up.
• Neurological research.Neurol Res.2014 Apr;36(4):344-50. doi: 10.1179/1743132814Y.0000000322. Epub 2014 Feb 11.
• Objectives: Aneurysms of the ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) often present unique challenges to endovascular treatment due to their proximity to or involvement of the ophthalmic artery, and the subsequent risk of post-operative visual complications. The pipeline embolization
• PMID 24617935

Japanese Journal

• Delayed Post-traumatic Pseudoaneurysmal Formation of the Intracranial Ophthalmic Artery After Closed Head Injury : Case Report

• KIKKAWA Yuichiro,NATORI Yoshihiro,SASAKI Tomio
• Neurologia medico-chirurgica = 神経外科 52(1), 41-43, 2012-01-15
• NAID 10030031153

• 眼動脈閉塞により両眼失明に至った眼虚血症候群の1例

• ？橋 峰光,平田 憲,佐々木 満 [他]
• 眼科臨床紀要 5(3), 229-232, 2012
• NAID 40019234035

Related Links

• Ophthalmic Artery | neuroangio.org

2) Ventral ophthalmic artery — this seemingly strange vessel orginates from the supracliniod carotid artery or the anterior cerebral artery (what would later become the A1 segment) and enters the orbit via the optic canal to ...

• Ophthalmic artery | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

The ophthalmic artery (OA) is a branch off the C6 segment of the internal carotid artery.Gross anatomyOriginOA rises medial to the anterior clinoid process as the Internal carotid artery exits the cavernous sinus. It originates from the ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「眼動脈」
関連記事	「ophthalmic」

「眼動脈」

　　[★]

英

ophthalmic artery (N)

ラ

arteria ophthalmica

由来

• 内頚動脈

走行

• 視神経管を通って眼窩に入る

枝

• 後毛様体動脈
  • 短毛様体動脈
  • 長毛様体動脈
• 網膜中心動脈
• 涙腺動脈
  • 涙腺動脈硬膜枝
  • 前毛様体動脈
  • 外側眼瞼動脈
• 眼窩上動脈
• 後篩骨動脈
• 前篩骨動脈
• 滑車上動脈

「ophthalmic」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 眼の、眼科の

関

eye、oculus、ophthalmology、ophthalmus