Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/16 00:00:46」(JST)

wiki en

In chemistry, an oligomer (ⁱ/əˈlɪɡəmər/^[1]) (oligo-, "a few" + -mer, "parts") is a molecular complex that consists of a few monomer units, in contrast to a polymer, where the number of monomers is, in principle, not limited.^[2] Dimers, trimers, and tetramers are, for instance, oligomers composed of two, three and four monomers, respectively.

In the context of biochemistry, an oligomer usually refers to a macromolecular complex formed by non-covalent bonding of a few macromolecules like proteins or nucleic acids. In this sense, a homo-oligomer would be formed by few identical molecules and by contrast, a hetero-oligomer would be made of more than one, different, macromolecules. Collagen is an example of a homo-oligomeric protein that is composed of three identical protein chains. The term multimer (/ˈmʌltᵻmər/) (multi-, "more than one" + -mer, "part") is used with a meaning similar to that of oligomer in the context of proteins (although technical restrictions of word sense may exist).^{[citation needed]}

Many oils are oligomeric, such as liquid paraffin. Plasticizers are oligomeric esters widely used to soften thermoplastics such as PVC. They may be made from monomers by linking them together, or by separation from the higher fractions of crude oil. Polybutene is an oligomeric oil used to make putty. Greek prefixes are often used to designate the number of monomer units in the oligomer, for example a tetramer being composed of four units and a hexamer of six.

In biochemistry, the term oligonucleotide – or, informally, "oligo" - is used for short, single-stranded nucleic acid fragments, such as DNA or RNA, or similar fragments of analogs of nucleic acids such as peptide nucleic acid or Morpholinos. Such oligos are used in hybridization experiments (bound to glass slides or nylon membranes), as probes for in situ hybridization or in antisense experiments such as gene knockdowns.^{[citation needed]} It can also refer to a protein complex made of two or more subunits. In this case, a complex made of several different protein subunits is called a hetero-oligomer or heteromer. When only one type of protein subunit is used in the complex, it is called a homo-oligomer or homomer.

Oligomerization is a chemical process that converts monomers to macromolecular complexes through a finite degree of polymerization. The actual figure for degree of polymerization is a matter of debate, often a value between 10 and 100.^{[citation needed]}

When an oligomer forms as a result of chain transfer the oligomer is called a telomer and the process telomerization.^[3] A telomere is a region of highly repetitive DNA at the end of a linear chromosome.

IUPAC definition

Oligomer molecule: A molecule of intermediate relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises a small plurality of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of lower relative molecular mass.

Note

A molecule is regarded as having an intermediate relative molecular mass if it has properties which do vary significantly with the removal of one or a few of the units.
If a part or the whole of the molecule has an intermediate relative molecular mass and essentially comprises a small plurality of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of lower relative molecular mass, it may be described as oligomeric, or by oligomer used adjectivally.^[4]

Oligomerization: The process of converting a monomer or a mixture of monomers into an oligomer.

Note

An oligomerization by chain reaction carried out in the presence of a large amount of chain-transfer agent, so that the end-groups are essentially fragments of the chain-transfer agent, is termed telomerization.^[4]

Green oil

In the oil and gas industry, green oil refers to oligomers formed in all C2, C3 and C4 hydrogenation reactors of ethylene plants and other petrochemical production facilities; it is a mixture of C4 to C20 unsaturated and reactive components with about 90% aliphatic dienes and 10% of olefins plus paraffins.^[5]

References

^ "Oligomer". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
^ McNaught; Wilkinson, A.D., eds. (February 24, 2014). "Oligomer molecule". Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the "Gold Book") (2 ed.). Blackwell Scientific. doi:10.1351/goldbook.O04286. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
^ McNaught; Wilkinson, A.D., eds. (February 24, 2014). "Telomerization". Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the "Gold Book") (2 ed.). Blackwell Scientific. doi:10.1351/goldbook.T06260. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Glossary of basic terms in polymer science (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 68 (12): 2287–2311. 1996. doi:10.1351/pac199668122287.
^ http://www.pall.com/main/fuels-and-chemicals/green-oil-contaminant-separation-37657.page

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 研究用生物学的マーカーによる関節リウマチの診断および評価ま investigational biologic markers in the diagnosis and assessment of rheumatoid arthritis
2. 変形性関節症の病因 pathogenesis of osteoarthritis
3. 関節リウマチの診断および評価における生物学的マーカー biologic markers in the diagnosis and assessment of rheumatoid arthritis
4. 再発性多発性軟骨炎の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of relapsing polychondritis
5. 痙攣発作およびてんかんの病態生理 pathophysiology of seizures and epilepsy

English Journal

Using proximity biotinylation to detect herpesvirus entry glycoprotein interactions: Limitations for integral membrane glycoproteins.

Lajko M1, Haddad AF2, Robinson CA2, Connolly SA3.
Journal of virological methods.J Virol Methods.2015 Sep 1;221:81-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.04.031. Epub 2015 May 6.
Herpesvirus entry into cells requires coordinated interactions among several viral transmembrane glycoproteins. Viral glycoproteins bind to receptors and interact with other glycoproteins to trigger virus-cell membrane fusion. Details of these glycoprotein interactions are not well understood becaus
PMID 25958131
PMID 25944559

Quaternary organization in a bifunctional prokaryotic FAD synthetase: Involvement of an arginine at its adenylyltransferase module on the riboflavin kinase activity.

Serrano A1, Sebastián M1, Arilla-Luna S1, Baquedano S1, Pallarés MC2, Lostao A3, Herguedas B1, Velázquez-Campoy A4, Martínez-Júlvez M1, Medina M5.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2015 Aug;1854(8):897-906. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.03.005. Epub 2015 Mar 21.
Prokaryotic FAD synthetases (FADSs) are bifunctional enzymes composed of two modules, the C-terminal module with ATP:riboflavin kinase (RFK) activity, and the N-terminus with ATP:FMN adenylyltransferase (FMNAT) activity. The FADS from Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, CaFADS, forms transient oligomers d
PMID 25801930