WordNet

involving or derived from the senses; "sensory experience"; "sensory channels" (同)sensorial
of or relating to olfaction (同)olfactive

PrepTutorEJDIC

感覚の
嗅覚(きゅうかく)の / 嗅覚器官,鼻
(光・温度・放射能などの)感知器
神経単位,神経細胞,ニューロン,ノイロン

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/05 07:25:53」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Plan of olfactory neurons.

An olfactory receptor neuron (ORN), also called an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN), is a transduction cell within the olfactory system.^[2]

Vertebrates

Humans have about 40 million olfactory receptor neurons that detect more than one trillion different odors.^[3] In vertebrates, ORNs are bipolar neurons with dendrites facing the inferior space of the nasal cavity and an axon that passes through the cribiform plate then travels along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb. The ORNs are located in the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity. The cell bodies of the ORNs are distributed among all three of the stratified layers of the olfactory epithelium.^[4]

Structure

Many tiny hair-like cilia protrude from the olfactory receptor cell's dendrite into the mucus covering the surface of the olfactory epithelium. The surface of these cilia is covered with olfactory receptors, a type of G protein-coupled receptor. Each olfactory receptor cell expresses only one type of olfactory receptor (OR), but many separate olfactory receptor cells express ORs which bind the same set of odors. The axons of olfactory receptor cells which express the same OR converge to form glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.^{[citation needed]}

Function

ORs, which are located on the membranes of the cilia have been classified as a complex type of ligand-gated metabotropic channels.^[5] There are approximately 1000 different genes that code for the ORs, making them the largest gene family. An odorant will dissolve into the mucus of the olfactory epithelium and then bind to an OR. ORs can bind to a variety of odor molecules, with varying affinities. The difference in affinities causes differences in activation patterns resulting in unique odorant profiles.^[6]^[7] The activated OR in turn activates the intracellular G-protein, GOLF (GNAL), adenylate cyclase and production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) opens ion channels in the cell membrane, resulting in an influx of sodium and calcium ions into the cell, and an efflux of chloride ions. This influx of positive ions and efflux of negative ions causes the neuron to depolarize, generating an action potential.

Insects

In insects, olfactory receptor neurons typically reside on the antenna. Much like in vertebrates, axons from the sensory neurons converge into glomeruli in the antennal lobe.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Berkowicz, D. A.; Trombley, P. Q.; Shepherd, G. M. (1994). "Evidence for glutamate as the olfactory receptor cell neurotransmitter". Journal of neurophysiology 71 (6): 2557–61. PMID 7931535.
^ Vermeulen, A; Rospars, J. P. (1998). "Dendritic integration in olfactory sensory neurons: A steady-state analysis of how the neuron structure and neuron environment influence the coding of odor intensity". Journal of computational neuroscience 5 (3): 243–66. PMID 9663551.
^ Bushdid, C.; Magnasco, M. O.; Vosshall, L. B.; Keller, A. (2014). "Humans Can Discriminate More than 1 Trillion Olfactory Stimuli". Science 343 (6177). Bibcode:2014Sci...343.1370B. doi:10.1126/science.1249168. PMID 24653035.
^ Cunningham, A.M.; Manis, P.B.; Reed, R.R.; Ronnett, G.V. (1999). "Olfactory receptor neurons exist as distinct subclasses of immature and mature cells in primary culture". Neuroscience 93 (4). doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00193-1. PMID 10501454.
^ Touhara, Kazushige (2009). "Insect Olfactory Receptor Complex Functions as a Ligand-gated Ionotropic Channel". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1170: 177–80. Bibcode:2009NYASA1170..177T. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03935.x. PMID 19686133.
^ Bieri, S.; Monastyrskaia, K; Schilling, B (2004). "Olfactory Receptor Neuron Profiling using Sandalwood Odorants". Chemical Senses 29 (6): 483–7. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjh050. PMID 15269120.
^ Fan, Jinhong; Ngai, John (2001). "Onset of Odorant Receptor Gene Expression during Olfactory Sensory Neuron Regeneration". Developmental Biology 229 (1): 119–27. doi:10.1006/dbio.2000.9972. PMID 11133158.

External links

NIF Search - Olfactory receptor neuron via the Neuroscience Information Framework
Insect olfaction

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における詳細な神経学的検査 the detailed neurologic examination in adults
2. 筋萎縮性側索硬化症およびその他の運動ニューロン疾患の臨床的特徴 clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other forms of motor neuron disease
3. 感覚消失患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with sensory loss
4. 筋萎縮性側索硬化症およびその他の運動ニューロン疾患の診断 diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other forms of motor neuron disease
5. 脊髄および後根神経節に影響を与える腫瘍随伴性症候群 paraneoplastic syndromes affecting the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia

English Journal

Synaptic circuitry of identified neurons in the antennal lobe of Drosophila melanogaster.

Rybak J1, Talarico G1, Ruiz S2, Arnold C1, Cantera R2,3, Hansson BS1.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2016 Jun 15;524(9):1920-56. doi: 10.1002/cne.23966. Epub 2016 Mar 9.
In Drosophila melanogaster olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) establish synapses with projection neurons (PNs) and local interneurons within antennal lobe (AL) glomeruli. Substantial knowledge regarding this circuitry has been obtained by functional studies, whereas ultrastructural evidence of synapti
PMID 26780543

The anatomical basis for modulatory convergence in the antennal lobe of Manduca sexta.

Lizbinski KM1, Metheny JD1,2, Bradley SP1, Kesari A1, Dacks AM1.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2016 Jun 15;524(9):1859-75. doi: 10.1002/cne.23926. Epub 2015 Dec 29.
The release of neuromodulators by widely projecting neurons often allows sensory systems to alter how they process information based on the physiological state of an animal. Neuromodulators alter network function by changing the biophysical properties of individual neurons and the synaptic efficacy
PMID 26560074

Direct nuclear magnetic resonance observation of odorant binding to mouse odorant receptor MOR244-3.

Burger JL1, Jeerage KM2, Bruno TJ2.
Analytical biochemistry.Anal Biochem.2016 Jun 1;502:64-72. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.03.006. Epub 2016 Mar 24.
Mammals are able to perceive and differentiate a great number of structurally diverse odorants through the odorant's interaction with odorant receptors (ORs), proteins found within the cell membrane of olfactory sensory neurons. The natural gas industry has used human olfactory sensitivity to sulfur
PMID 27019154

Japanese Journal

嗅覚系におけるCO₂センシングの分子機構 (特集バイオセンサ)

におい・かおり環境学会誌 46(3), 209-217, 2015-05
NAID 40020496006

講演遺伝子からみた匂いの感覚 (小特集第15回アロマ・サイエンス・フォーラム2014 遺伝子は香り・匂いをどこまで操ることができるか(1))

Aroma research = アロマリサーチ : journal of aroma science technology and safety 16(2), 172-175, 2015
NAID 40020499470

Co-localization of TRPV2 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Ⅰ Receptor in Olfactory Neurons in Adult and Fetal Mouse

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 37(12), 1907-1912, 2014
NAID 130004703911

「嗅覚神経」

Olfactory receptor neuron
	Labels in German. "Zellen" = "cell","riech" = "smell", "Riechnerv" = olfactory nerve, "cillien" = cilia.
Details
Location	olfactory epithelium in the nose
Morphology	Bipolar sensory receptor
Function	Detect traces of chemicals in inhaled air (sense of smell)
Neurotransmitter	Glutamate
Presynaptic connections	None
Postsynaptic connections	Olfactory bulb
Identifiers
Gray's	p.996
Code	TH H3.11.07.0.01003
NeuroLex ID	Olfactory receptor neuron
	Anatomical terminology