WordNet
- caused by law or conscience to follow a certain course; "felt obligated to repay the kindness"; "was obligated to pay off the student loan"
- not obligated
- restricted to a particular condition of life; "an obligate anaerobe can survive only in the absence of oxygen"
- commit in order to fulfill an obligation; "obligate money"
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 《受動態で》(道徳上または法律上)〈人〉‘に'義務を負わせる;〈人〉‘に'(・・・する)義務を負わせる《+『名』+『to』 do》
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An obligation is a course of action that someone is required to take, whether legal or moral. There are also obligations in other normative contexts, such as obligations of etiquette, social obligations, and possibly in terms of politics, where obligations are requirements which must be fulfilled. These are generally legal obligations, which can incur a penalty for unfulfilment, although certain people are obliged to carry out certain actions for other reasons as well, whether as a tradition or for social reasons. Obligations vary from person to person: for example, a person holding a political office will generally have far more obligations than an average adult citizen, who themselves will have more obligations than a child.[1] Obligations are generally granted in return for an increase in an individual's rights or power. For example, obligations for Health and Safety in a workplace from employer to employee maybe to ensure the Fire exit isn't blocked or ensure that the plugs are put in firmly.
The word "obligation" can also designate a written obligation, or such things as bank notes, coins, checks, bonds, stamps, or securities.
Other uses
The term obligate can also be used in a biological context, in reference to species which must occupy a certain niche or behave in a certain way in order to survive. In biology, the opposite of obligate is facultative, meaning that a species is able to behave in a certain way and may do so under certain circumstances, but that it can also survive without having to behave this way. For example, species of salamanders in the family Proteidae are obligate paedomorphs, whereas species belonging to the Ambystomatidae are facultative paedomorphs.
In the Catholic Church, Holy Days of Obligation or Holidays of Obligation, less commonly called Feasts of Precept, are the days on which, as canon 1247 of the Code of Canon Law states, the faithful are obliged to participate in the Mass.
References
- ^ Myron Old Bear, Sacred Journey of the Medicine Wheel (2008), p. 393: "Adults have more obligations and are held to higher standards of accountability than children are".
See also
- Convention
- Law of obligations
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Ultrastructure of antennal sensilla of a parasitoid fly, Pales pavida Meigen (Diptera: Tachinidae).
- Liu XH, Zhang M, Shi JN, Li K, Zhang D.SourceDepartment of Zoology, College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Micron (Oxford, England : 1993).Micron.2013 Nov-Dec;54-55:36-42. doi: 10.1016/j.micron.2013.08.002. Epub 2013 Aug 30.
- Pales pavida Meigen is obligated polyparasitic fly and important natural enemy of some most damaging forest or agricultural pests, and thus could contribute to the biological control of them. The external morphology of main olfactory organs in this tachinid was examined using stereopic microscopy an
- PMID 24051134
- Comparative analysis of resistant and susceptible macrophage gene expression response to Leishmania major parasite.
- Rabhi I, Rabhi S, Ben-Othman R, Aniba MR, Trentin B, Piquemal D, Regnault B, Guizani-Tabbane L.AbstractBACKGROUND: Leishmania are obligated intracellular pathogens that replicate almost exclusively in macrophages. The outcome of infection depends largely on parasite pathogenicity and virulence but also on the activation status and genetic background of macrophages. Animal models are essential for a better understanding of pathogenesis of different microbes including Leishmania.
- BMC genomics.BMC Genomics.2013 Oct 22;14(1):723. [Epub ahead of print]
- BACKGROUND: Leishmania are obligated intracellular pathogens that replicate almost exclusively in macrophages. The outcome of infection depends largely on parasite pathogenicity and virulence but also on the activation status and genetic background of macrophages. Animal models are essential for a b
- PMID 24148319
- Am I My Profession's Keeper?
- Kolers A.AbstractConscientious refusal is distinguished by its peculiar attitude towards the obligations that the objector refuses: the objector accepts the authority of the institution in general, but claims a right of conscience to refuse some particular directive. An adequate ethics of conscientious objection will, then, require an account of the institutional obligations that the objector claims a right to refuse. Yet such an account must avoid two extremes: 'anarchism,' where obligations apply only insofar as they match individual conscience; and 'totalitarianism,' where even immoral obligations bind us. The challenge is to explain institutional obligations in such a way that an agent can be obligated to act against conscience, yet can object if the institution's orders go too far. Standard accounts of institutional obligations rely on individual autonomy, expressed through consent. This paper rejects the Consent model; a better understanding of institutional obligations emerges from reflecting on the intersecting goods produced by institutions and the intersecting autonomy of numerous distinct agents rather than only one. The paper defends 'Professionalism' as a grounding of professional obligations. The professional context can justify acting against conscience but more often that context partly shapes the professional conscience. Yet Professionalism avoids totalitarianism by distinguishing between (mere) injustice and abuse. When institutions are - or we conscientiously believe them to be - merely unjust, their directives still obligate us; when they are abusive, however, they do not. Finally, the paper applies these results to the problem of conscientious refusal in general and specifically to controversial reproduction cases.
- Bioethics.Bioethics.2013 Sep 30. doi: 10.1111/bioe.12056. [Epub ahead of print]
- Conscientious refusal is distinguished by its peculiar attitude towards the obligations that the objector refuses: the objector accepts the authority of the institution in general, but claims a right of conscience to refuse some particular directive. An adequate ethics of conscientious objection wil
- PMID 24117529
Japanese Journal
- 日本のキリスト教禁制による不審船転送要請と朝鮮の対清・対日関係 : イエズス会宣教師日本潜入事件とその余波
- ストレスチェック制度の義務化の要点と問題点 : 大学保健管理センターでの実施運用に向けて
- 慶応保健研究 = The bulletin of Keio University Health Center 33(1), 35-39, 2015
- NAID 40020688178
- どうやって医学生に地域医療を教育するか?:─地域医療体験キャンプを通じた地域医療教育の実践─
Related Links
- tr.v. ob·li·gat·ed, ob·li·gat·ing, ob·li·gates. 1. To bind, compel, or constrain by a social, legal, or moral tie. See Synonyms at force. 2. To cause to be grateful or indebted; oblige. 3. To commit (money, for example) in order to fulfill an obligation. adj.
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
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- 関
- legal communicable disease、notifiable infectious disease
[★]
- ~に(法律/道徳上の)義務を負わせる(to do/sb)。感謝の念を起こさせる。(収入などを)債務の支払に充てる
- 避けられない、やむを得ない。(法律上/道徳上)義務的な。必須の。(生態)(寄生虫・寄生菌など)アル特定の環境のみに生活しうる、無条件的な、絶対的な、扁性の、真性の(⇔ facultative)
- Obligate female carriers in families with KAL1 mutations have no discernible phenotype.