関: basal ganglia、basal ganglion、basal nuclei、basal nucleus

WordNet

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (同)cell_nucleus, karyon
(astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail
any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
the positively charged dense center of an atom
of primary importance (同)primary
serving as or forming a base; "the painter applied a base coat followed by two finishing coats" (同)base

PrepTutorEJDIC

中心,核 / (生物の)細胞核 / 原子核
基底の,基部の / 基礎的な,基本的な

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/25 20:12:04」(JST)

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Nucleus basalis of Meynert, abbreviated NBM and also known as the nucleus basalis, is a group of neurons in the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain which has wide projections to the neocortex and is rich in acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase.

Merzenich and Kilgard, among others, have investigated the role of the nucleus basalis in the malleability of intelligence.^{[citation needed]}

Structure

NBM in relation to the globus pallidus (top of image).

The NBM is inferior to the globus pallidus and within an area known as the substantia innominata. The NBM is immediately inferior to the anterior commissure and superior and lateral to the anterior portion of the hypothalamus.

Function

The primary concentration of cholinergic neurons/cell bodies that project to the neocortex are in the basal nucleus of Meynert which is located in the substantia innominata of the anterior perforated substance. These cholinergic neurons have a number of important functions in particular with respect to modulating the ratio of reality and virtual reality components of visual perception.^[1] Experimental evidence has shown that normal visual perception has two components.^[1] The first (A) is a bottom-up component in which the input to the higher visual cortex (where conscious perception takes place) comes from the retina via the lateral geniculate body and V1. This carries information about what is actually outside. The second (B) is a top-down component in which the input to the higher visual cortex comes from other areas of the cortex. This carries information about what the brain computes is most probably outside. In normal vision, what is seen at the center of attention is carried by A, and material at the periphery of attention is carried mainly by B. When a new potentially important stimulus is received, the Nucleus Basalis is activated. The axons it sends to the visual cortex provide collaterals to pyramidal cells in layer IV (the input layer for retinal fibres) where they activate excitatory nicotinic receptors and thus potentiate retinal activation of V1.^[2] The cholinergic axons then proceed to layers 1-11 (the input layer for cortico-cortical fibers) where they activate inhibitory muscarinic receptors of pyramidal cells, and thus inhibit cortico-cortical conduction.^[2] In this way activation of Nucleus Basalis promotes (A) and inhibits (B) thus allowing full attention to be paid to the new stimulus. Goard and Dan,^[3] and Kuo et al.^[4] report similar findings. Gerrard Reopit, in 1984, confirmed the reported findings in his research.

Clinical significance

In Parkinson' and Alzheimer's diseases, the nucleus basalis undergoes degeneration. A decrease in acetylcholine production is seen in Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, Pick's disease, and some Parkinson's disease patients showing abnormal brain function, leading to a general decrease in mental capacity and learning.

Most pharmacological treatments of dementia focus on compensating for a faltering NBM function through artificially increasing acetylcholine levels.

History

It is named for Theodor Meynert.^[5]

Additional images

NBM in relation to the globus pallidus and putamen - very low magnification.
NBM - very high magnification.

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ ^a ^b Smythies, J. (2009) Philosophy, Perception and Neuroscience. Philosophy 38, 638–51.
^ ^a ^b Yu AJ, Dayan P (May 2005). "Uncertainty, neuromodulation, and attention". Neuron 46 (4): 681–92. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.026. PMID 15944135.
^ Goard M, Dan Y (November 2009). "Basal forebrain activation enhances cortical coding of natural scenes". Nat. Neurosci. 12 (11): 1444–9. doi:10.1038/nn.2402. PMC 3576925. PMID 19801988.
^ Kuo MC, Rasmusson DD, Dringenberg HC (September 2009). "Input-selective potentiation and rebalancing of primary sensory cortex afferents by endogenous acetylcholine". Neuroscience 163 (1): 430–41. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.026. PMID 19531370.
^ synd/3820 at Who Named It?

External links

location at univ-rennes1.fr

UpToDate Contents

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1. レビー小体型認知症の疫学、病理学、および病因 epidemiology pathology and pathogenesis of dementia with lewy bodies
2. パーキンソン病による認知症 parkinson disease dementia
3. 換気調節 control of ventilation
4. 成人における第三脳神経（動眼神経）麻痺 third cranial nerve oculomotor nerve palsy in adults
5. 小児における第3脳神経（動眼神経）麻痺 third cranial nerve oculomotor nerve palsy in children

English Journal

Sex Differences in the Cholinergic Basal Forebrain in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease.

Kelley CM, Powers BE, Velazquez R, Ash JA, Ginsberg SD, Strupp BJ, Mufson EJ.Author information Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.AbstractIn the Down syndrome (DS) population, there is an early incidence of dementia and neuropathology similar to that seen in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), including dysfunction of the basal forebrain cholinergic neuron (BFCN) system. Using Ts65Dn mice, a model of DS and AD, we examined differences in the BFCN system between male and female segmentally trisomic (Ts65Dn) and disomic (2N) mice at ages 5-8 months. Quantitative stereology was applied to BFCN subfields immunolabeled for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) within the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band (MS/VDB), horizontal limb of the diagonal band (HDB) and nucleus basalis of Meynert/substantia innominata (NBM/SI). We found no sex differences in neuron number or subregion area measurement in the MS/VDB or HDB. However, 2N and Ts65Dn females showed an average 34% decrease in BFCN number and an average 20% smaller NBM/SI region area compared with genotype-matched males. Further, relative to genotype-matched males, female mice had smaller BFCNs in all subregions. These findings demonstrate that differences between the sexes in BFCNs of young adult Ts65Dn and 2N mice are region and genotype specific. In addition, changes in post-processing tissue thickness suggest altered parenchymal characteristics between male and female Ts65Dn mice.
Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland).Brain Pathol.2014 Jan;24(1):33-44. doi: 10.1111/bpa.12073. Epub 2013 Jul 19.
In the Down syndrome (DS) population, there is an early incidence of dementia and neuropathology similar to that seen in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), including dysfunction of the basal forebrain cholinergic neuron (BFCN) system. Using Ts65Dn mice, a model of DS and AD, we examined differences
PMID 23802663

PET imaging with [(18)F]fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol ([(18)F]FEOBV) following selective lesion of cholinergic pedunculopontine tegmental neurons in rat.

Cyr M, Parent MJ, Mechawar N, Rosa-Neto P, Soucy JP, Aliaga A, Kostikov A, Maclaren DA, Clark SD, Bedard MA.Author information Université du Québec à Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.AbstractINTRODUCTION: [(18)F]fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol ([(18)F]FEOBV) is a PET radiotracer with high selectivity and specificity to the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). It has been shown to be a sensitive in vivo measurement of changes of cholinergic innervation densities following lesion of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) in rat. The current study used [(18)F]FEOBV with PET imaging to detect the effect of a highly selective lesion of the pedunculopontine (PPTg) nucleus in rat.
Nuclear medicine and biology.Nucl Med Biol.2014 Jan;41(1):96-101. doi: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.10.004. Epub 2013 Oct 21.
INTRODUCTION: [(18)F]fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol ([(18)F]FEOBV) is a PET radiotracer with high selectivity and specificity to the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). It has been shown to be a sensitive in vivo measurement of changes of cholinergic innervation densities following lesion of th
PMID 24267056

Decreased ipsilateral [(123)I]iododexetimide binding to cortical muscarinic receptors in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats.

Knol RJ, de Bruin K, Opmeer B, Voorn P, Jonker AJ, van Eck-Smit BL, Booij J.Author information Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Graduate School of Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands. Electronic address: r.j.j.knol@mca.nl.AbstractINTRODUCTION: Dysfunction of the cholinergic neurotransmitter system is present in Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease related dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies, and is thought to contribute to cognitive deficits in these patients. In vivo imaging of the cholinergic system in these diseases may be of value to monitor central cholinergic disturbances and to select cases in which treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors could be beneficial. The muscarinic receptor tracer [(123)I]iododexetimide, predominantly reflecting M1 receptor binding, may be an appropriate tool for imaging of the cholinergic system by means of SPECT. In this study, we used [(123)I]iododexetimide to study the effects of a 6-hydroxydopamine lesion (an animal model of Parkinson's disease) on the muscarinic receptor availability in the rat brain.
Nuclear medicine and biology.Nucl Med Biol.2014 Jan;41(1):90-5. doi: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.10.003. Epub 2013 Oct 18.
INTRODUCTION: Dysfunction of the cholinergic neurotransmitter system is present in Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease related dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies, and is thought to contribute to cognitive deficits in these patients. In vivo imaging of the cholinergic system in these disease
PMID 24267055

Japanese Journal

皮膚のブラッシングにより引き起こされる前頭葉,頭頂葉,後頭葉皮質における広範な脳血流増加反応と,マイネルト基底核神経活動の関与

原早苗,PICHE Mathieu,内田さえ,會川義寛,堀田晴美
自律神経 = The Autonomic nervous system 48(5), 382-388, 2011-10-15
NAID 10030286382

Meynert基底核とアセチルコリン神経伝達 (認知症学(上)その解明と治療の最新知見) -- (基礎編ニューロトランスミッターと神経伝達機能)

松下隆司,下濱俊
日本臨床 69(-), 210-213, 2011-10
NAID 40019021426

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「basal ganglion」「basal nuclei」「basal nucleus」
拡張検索	「nucleus basalis of Meynert」「nucleus basalis magnocellularis」
関連記事	「basal」

「basal ganglion」

Nucleus basalis of Meynert
	MRI showing a coronal plane of the head with marks showing the location of the substantia innominata, the region in which the nucleus basalis is found.
	Intermediate magnification micrograph of the nucleus basalis (of Meynert). LFB-HE stain.
Details
Identifiers
Latin	nucleus basalis telencephali
MeSH	A08.186.211.730.885.105.880.100
NeuroNames	hier-257
Dorlands; /Elsevier	n_11/12580484
TA	A14.1.09.418
FMA	61887
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]