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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/04/22 09:22:56」(JST)
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A nucleic acid test, often called a "NAT", (or nucleic acid amplification test - "NAAT") is a molecular technique used to detect a virus or a bacterium. These tests were developed to shorten the window period, a time between when a patient has been infected and when they show up as positive by antibody tests.
The term includes any test that directly detects the genetic material of the infecting organism or virus. There are multiple methods that fall in this group, including:
- Methods based on the Polymerase chain reaction. These tests use a primer to rapidly make copies of the genetic material.
- A reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) is used for HIV and other RNA viruses.
- Transcription mediated amplification uses a slightly different molecular method than PCR but has the same basic principle.
- Branched DNA (quantiplex bDNA) tests use a molecule that links to the specific genetic material.
- Ligase chain reaction
History
In 1999, new screening methods involving nucleic acid amplification and that protocol approved by FDA.
Nucleic acid Testing - Benefits:
- Detects low levels of viral RNA or DNA.
- Provides additional layer of safety to the blood supply because it allows the detection of infectious agents during their incubation period.
- Have the ability to detect viral mutants and occult infections.
- Highly sensitive and specific for viral nucleic acid.
Different Technology of Nucleic acid testing:
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- Branched DNA (bDNA)
- Transcription mediated Amplification (TMA)
- Nucleic acid Sequence Based Amplification (NASBA)
References
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Integrated sample-to-detection chip for nucleic acid test assays.
- Prakash R1, Pabbaraju K1, Wong S1, Tellier R2,3, Kaler KV4.
- Biomedical microdevices.Biomed Microdevices.2016 Jun;18(3):44. doi: 10.1007/s10544-016-0069-8.
- Nucleic acid based diagnostic techniques are routinely used for the detection of infectious agents. Most of these assays rely on nucleic acid extraction platforms for the extraction and purification of nucleic acids and a separate real-time PCR platform for quantitative nucleic acid amplification te
- PMID 27165104
- High sensitivity detection of HIV-1 using two genomic targets compared with single target PCR.
- Shah K1,2, Ragupathy V1, Saga A3, Hewlett I1.
- Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2016 Jun;88(6):1092-7. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24431. Epub 2015 Dec 16.
- The genetic diversity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1(HIV-1) has been shown to affect the performance of Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1. Although, majority NAT assays were designed to detect the conserved regions of HIV-1 mutations at the primer or probe bin
- PMID 26575693
- Rapid visual identification of PCR amplified nucleic acids by centrifugal gel separation: Potential use for molecular point-of-care tests.
- Hwang SH1, Kim DE2, Im JH3, Kang SJ3, Lee DH3, Son SJ4.
- Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2016 May 15;79:829-34. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.006. Epub 2016 Jan 5.
- Recently, nucleic acid amplification and detection techniques have progressed based on advances in in microfluidics, microelectronics, and optical systems. Nucleic acids amplification based point-of-care test (POCT) in resource-limited settings requires simple visual detection methods. Several biose
- PMID 26774997
Japanese Journal
- HIV検査--最近のスクリーニング検査と遺伝子検査の進歩 (特集 HIV/AIDS--最新の治療研究の進歩) -- (臨床研究の進歩 診断,検査)
Related Links
- Nucleic acid amplification tests are used to identify small amounts of DNA or RNA in a test sample. ... Definition: Nucleic-acid amplification tests, also known as NATs or NAATs, are used to identify small amounts of DNA or RNA in ...
- Nucleic acid testing (NAT) is a molecular technique for screening blood donations to reduce the risk of transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) in the recipients, thus providing an additional layer of blood safety. It was ...
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