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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/25 19:49:51」(JST)

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Nosology (from Ancient Greek νόσος (nosos), meaning "disease", and -λογία (-logia), meaning "study of-") is a branch of medicine that deals with classification of diseases.

Types of classification

Diseases may be classified by etiology (cause), pathogenesis (mechanism by which the disease is caused), or by symptom(s). Alternatively, diseases may be classified according to the organ system involved, though this is often complicated since many diseases affect more than one organ.

A chief difficulty in nosology is that diseases often cannot be defined and classified clearly, especially when etiology or pathogenesis are unknown. Thus diagnostic terms often only reflect a symptom or set of symptoms (syndrome).

History

The Ayurveda is a collection of early Indian works about medicine. In China the Huangdi Neijing is another ancient text. In the West, Hippocrates was one of the earliest writers on the subject of disease. The book of Leviticus also includes an early discussion of the treatment of skin diseases. See Metzora (parsha) In the 10th century the Arabian psychologist Najab ud-din Unhammad classified a nosology of nine major categories of mental disorders, which included 30 different mental illnesses in total. Some of the categories he described included obsessive-compulsive disorders, delusional disorders, degenerative diseases, involutional melancholia, and states of abnormal excitement.^[1]^{[verification needed]}

In the 18th century, the taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus, Francois Boissier de Sauvages, and psychiatrist Philippe Pinel developed an early classification of physical illnesses. Thomas Sydenham's work in the late 17th century might also be considered a nosology. In the 19th century, Emil Kraepelin and then Jacques Bertillon developed their own nosologies. Bertillon's work, classifying causes of death, was a precursor of the modern code system, the International Classification of Diseases.

The early nosological efforts grouped diseases by their symptoms, whereas modern systems (e.g. SNOMED) focus on grouping diseases by the anatomy and etiology involved.

Applications

Nosology is used extensively in public health, to allow epidemiological studies of public health issues. Analysis of death certificates requires nosological coding of causes of death.
Nosological classifications are used in medical administration, such as filing of health insurance claims, and patient records, among others

References

^ Millon, Theodore (2004), Masters of the Mind: Exploring the Story of Mental Illness from Ancient Times to the New Millennium, John Wiley & Sons, p. 38, ISBN 978-0-471-46985-8

External links

Gordon L. Snider, Nosology for Our Day Its Application to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 167. pp. 678–683, (2003). fulltext
C. S. Herrman, The Bipolar Spectrum, SSRN (Social Science Research Network, 5 August 2010) [1]
Nosology.net: An online resource for nosologic diagnostic systems. This site also demonstrates how the proposed system can be used currently in Neurology and Psychiatry
International Classification of Diseases by the World Health Organization. [2]

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人の入院患者に生じた急性腎障害の評価 evaluation of acute kidney injury among hospitalized adult patients
2. 外来での亜急性腎障害の成人患者に対する診断的アプローチ diagnostic approach to adult patients with subacute kidney injury in an outpatient setting

English Journal

Major depressive disorder with subthreshold hypomania (mixed features): Clinical characteristics of patients entered in a multiregional, placebo-controlled study.

Targum SD1, Suppes T2, Pendergrass JC3, Lee S3, Silva R4, Cucchiaro J4, Loebel A4.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.2016 Jul 4;68:9-14. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.02.007. Epub 2016 Feb 22.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) associated with subthreshold hypomanic symptoms (mixed features), has been identified as a distinct nosological entity in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). We identified the predominant manic symptoms present at baseline
PMID 26908089

Neuropsychological and neuroimaging underpinnings of schizoaffective disorder: a systematic review.

Madre M1, Canales-Rodríguez EJ1, Ortiz-Gil J1,2, Murru A3, Torrent C3, Bramon E4, Perez V5,6, Orth M7, Brambilla P8,9, Vieta E3, Amann BL1.
Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.Acta Psychiatr Scand.2016 Jul;134(1):16-30. doi: 10.1111/acps.12564. Epub 2016 Mar 29.
OBJECTIVES: The neurobiological basis and nosological status of schizoaffective disorder remains elusive and controversial. This study provides a systematic review of neurocognitive and neuroimaging findings in the disorder.METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted via PubMed, Science
PMID 27028168

Childhood trauma and treatment outcome in bipolar disorder.

Cakir S1, Tasdelen Durak R1, Ozyildirim I1, Ince E1, Sar V2.
Journal of trauma & dissociation : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD).J Trauma Dissociation.2016 Jul-Sep;17(4):397-409. doi: 10.1080/15299732.2015.1132489. Epub 2015 Dec 18.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential influence of childhood trauma on clinical presentation, psychiatric comorbidity, and long-term treatment outcome of bipolar disorder. A total of 135 consecutive patients with bipolar disorder type I were recruited from an ongoing prospect
PMID 26683845