nonsynchronous

　

WordNet

1. not occurring together (同)unsynchronized, unsynchronised, unsynchronous

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/08/31 01:04:54」(JST)

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"Synchrony" redirects here. For linguistic synchrony, see Synchronic analysis. For the X-Files episode, see Synchrony (The X-Files).

For Synchronization in Computer Science, see Synchronization (computer science).

For the racehorse, see Synchronised (horse).

For similarly named concepts, see Synchronicity (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with data synchronization or file synchronization.

Synchronization is the coordination of events to operate a system in unison. The familiar conductor of an orchestra serves to keep the orchestra in time.

Systems operating with all their parts in synchrony are said to be synchronous or in sync.

Firefighters marching in a parade

Some systems may be only approximately synchronized, or plesiochronous. For some applications relative offsets between events need to be determined, for others only the order of the event is important.

Today, synchronization can occur on a global basis due to GPS-enabled timekeeping systems.

Transport

Apart from its use for navigation (see John Harrison), synchronization was not important in transportation until the nineteenth century, when the coming of the railways made travel fast enough for the differences in local time between adjacent towns to be noticeable (see [1]).

In some territories, sharing of single railroad tracks was controlled by the timetable. Thus strict timekeeping was a safety requirement. To this day, railroads can communicate and signal along their tracks, independently of other systems for safety.

Communication

The lessons of timekeeping are part of engineering technology. In electrical engineering terms, for digital logic and data transfer, a synchronous object requires a clock signal. Timekeeping technologies such as the GPS satellites and Network time protocol (NTP) provide real-time access to a close approximation to the UTC timescale, and are used for many terrestrial synchronization applications.

Synchronization is an important concept in the following fields:

• Computer science (In computer science, especially parallel computing, synchronization refers to the coordination of simultaneous threads or processes to complete a task; in order to obtain correct runtime order and avoid unexpected race conditions.)
• Cryptography
• Multimedia
• Music (Rhythm)
• Neuroscience
• Photography
• Physics (The idea of simultaneity has many difficulties, both in practice and theory.)
• Synthesizers
• Telecommunication

Synchronization has several subtly distinct sub-concepts:

• Phase synchronization
• Rate synchronization
• Time offset synchronization
• Time order synchronization

Uses

• Film synchronization of image and sound in sound film.
• Synchronization is important in fields such as digital telephony, video and digital audio where streams of sampled data are manipulated.
• In electric power systems, alternator synchronization is required when multiple generators are connected to an electrical grid.
• Arbiters are needed in digital electronic systems such as microprocessors to deal with asynchronous inputs. There are also electronic digital circuits called synchronizers that attempt to perform arbitration in one clock cycle. Synchronizers, unlike arbiters, are prone to failure. (See metastability in electronics).
• Encryption systems usually require some synchronization mechanism to ensure that the receiving cipher is decoding the right bits at the right time.
• Automotive transmissions contain synchronizers which allow the toothed rotating parts (gears and splined shaft) to be brought to the same rotational velocity before engaging the teeth.
• Time codes are often used as a means of synchronization in film, video, and audio applications.
• Flash photography, see Flash synchronization

See also

• Asynchrony
• Atomic clock
• Clock synchronization
• Double-ended synchronization
• Einstein synchronization
• Entrainment
• Flywheel
• Homochronous
• Kuramoto model
• Mutual exclusion
• Neural synchronization
• Phase-locked loops
• Reciprocal socialization
• Synchronism
• Synchronization (alternating current)
• Synchronization in telecommunications
• Synchronization of chaos
• Synchronizer
• Synchronous conferencing
• Time
• Timing Synchronization Function (TSF)
• Time transfer
• Timecode
• Tuning fork

In the field of video and audio engineering:

• Genlock
• Jam sync
• Word sync

In the field of aircraft gun engineering:

• Interrupter gear

Order synchronization and related topics:

• Rendezvous problem
• Interlocking
• Race condition
• Concurrency control
• Room synchronization
• Transient blocking synchronization
• Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling

Compare with:

• Synchronicity, an alternative organizing principle to causality conceived by Carl Jung.

Notes

English Journal

• A multicentre study of capecitabine, oxaliplatin plus bevacizumab as perioperative treatment of patients with poor-risk colorectal liver-only metastases not selected for upfront resection.

• Wong R, Cunningham D, Barbachano Y, Saffery C, Valle J, Hickish T, Mudan S, Brown G, Khan A, Wotherspoon A, Strimpakos AS, Thomas J, Compton S, Chua YJ, Chau I.SourceDepartment of Medicine.
• Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO.Ann Oncol.2011 Sep;22(9):2042-8. Epub 2011 Feb 1.
• BACKGROUND: Perioperative chemotherapy improves outcome in resectable colorectal liver-only metastasis (CLM). This study aimed to evaluate perioperative CAPOX (capecitabine-oxaliplatin) plus bevacizumab in patients with poor-risk CLM not selected for upfront resection. Patients and methods: Poor-ris
• PMID 21285134

• Regional cooperativity in the phase transitions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers: the lipid tail triggers the isothermal crystallization process.

• Wu FG, Jia Q, Wu RG, Yu ZW.SourceKey Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P R China.
• The journal of physical chemistry. B.J Phys Chem B.2011 Jul 7;115(26):8559-68. Epub 2011 Jun 13.
• We have a long-standing interest to explore the answer of the question: Which part of the amphiphilic molecule triggers the phase transition of the self-assembled aggregates consisting of these amphiphiles This is an important issue regarding the phase transition kinetics of amphiphiles. To this en
• PMID 21634795

Japanese Journal

• 100 Improved nonsynchronous flow-through CPCを用いた生理的なマスト細胞分離法

• 四宮 一総,椛澤 洋三,柳平 和寛,佐々木 春雄,武藤 實,岡田 忠,松井 卓哉,塩野 裕之,杉山 博子,近藤 一男,伊東 洋一郎
• アレルギー 48(8・9), 969, 1999-09-30
• NAID 110002407187

• 逆まわり旋回キャビテーションの観察(流体工学,流体機械)

• 橋本 知之,渡邉 光男,上條 謙二郎,辻本 良信
• 日本機械学會論文集. B編 63(605), 147-152, 1997-01-25
• … A nonsynchronous vibration caused by a backward-traveling mode of rotating cavitation which had been predicted by linear analyses was observed experimentally. …
• NAID 110006474940

Related Links

• nonsynchronous - definition of nonsynchronous by the Free Online ...

Adj. 1. nonsynchronous - not occurring together. unsynchronised, unsynchronized, unsynchronous · asynchronous - not synchronous; not occurring or existing at the same time or having the same period or phase ...

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