WordNet
- (biochemistry) a drug that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiological reaction
- a muscle that contracts while another relaxes; "when bending the elbow the biceps are the agonist"
- someone involved in a contest or battle (as in an agon)
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/27 14:41:24」(JST)
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A nicotinic agonist is a drug that mimics, in one way or another, the action of acetylcholine (ACh) at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs).
Examples include:
- nicotine (by definition—the "nicotinic acetylcholine receptor" is named for its affinity for nicotine)
- acetylcholine, the endogenous agonist of nAChRs
- choline
- epibatidine
- lobeline
- varenicline
Contents
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History
Chemical structure of ABT-418
Nicotine has been known for centuries for its intoxicating effect. It was first isolated in 1828 from the tobacco plant by German chemists, Posselt and Reimann.[1]
The discovery of positive effects from nicotine on animal memory was discovered by in vivo researches in the middle of the 1980s. Those researches led to a new era in studies of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and their stimulation but until then the focus had mainly been on nicotine addiction.[2][3] The development of nAChR agonists began in the early 1990s after the discovery of nicotine’s positive effects. Some research showed a possible therapy option in preclinical researches. ABT-418 was one of the first in a series of nAChR agonists and it was designed by Abbott Labs.[3] ABT-418 showed significant increase of delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) performance in matured Macaque apes of different species and sex.[4] ABT-418 has also been examined as a possible treatment to Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: those experiments showed positive outcomes.[3]
One of the first nAChR active compounds, besides nicotine, that was marketed as a drug was galantamine, a plant alkaloid that works as a weak cholinesterase inhibitor (IC50=5µM) as well as an allosteric sensitizer for nAChRs (EC50=50 nM).[5]
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and their signaling system
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor classification
Signaling system
In the human nervous system nicotinic cholinergic signals are extended throughout the system, where the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) plays a key role in activating ligand-gated ion channels.[6] The cholinergic system is a vital nervous pathway, where cholinergic neurons synthesize, store and release the neurotransmitter ACh. The main receptors that convert the ACh messages are the cholinergic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, neuronal and muscular nAChRs. When looking back at evolutionary history, ACh is considered to be the oldest transmitter molecule and became present before the nervous cell. In the nervous system cholinergic stimulation mediated through nAChRs controls pathways such as release of transmitters and cell sensitivity, which can influence physiological activity including sleep, anxiety, processing of pain and cognitive functions.[7]
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
nAChRs are cholinergic receptors found in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous systems (PNS) and skeletal muscles, these receptors are ligand-gated ion channels with binding sites for acetylcholine and other molecules. When ACh or other agonists bind to the receptors it stabilizes the open state of the ion channel allowing influx of cations such as potassium, calcium and sodium ions. The nAChRs are made up by different subunits which determine the quaternary structure of the receptor, those subunits are α subunits (α1–10), β subunits (β1–4), one δ subunits, one γ subunit and one ε subunit. nAChRs can be either heteromeric or homomeric. The heteromeric receptors found in the central nervous system are made up by 2 α and 3 β subunits with the binding site at the interface of α and the adjacent subunit, these receptor contain 2 binding sites per receptor and have different affinity for chemicals based on the composition of subunits. Both binding sites work together and thus, both sites need to be occupied with a nAChR agonist so that channel activation can take place.[8] nAChRs containing α2–α6 and β2–β4 subunits have been shown to have higher affinity for ACh than other receptors. Homomeric receptors contain 5 identical subunits, they have 5 binding sites located at the interface between two adjacent subunits. In the year 2000 two homomeric receptors had been identified in humans, the α7 and α8 receptors.[7][9][10][11]
Binding site
There are two binding sites on heteromeric nAChRs; to stabilize the open form of nAChRs, both binding sites must be occupied by agonist, such as nicotine or ACh.[10]
The ACh binding site of nAChR is made up by six loops, termed A–F. The A, B and C loops of the binding site are the principal components of the binding site, they are part of the α subunit. The adjacent subunit to the α subunit (γ, δ, ε or β) contains the D, E and F loops.[10]
Mechanism of Action
Two different subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
α4β2 receptor agonists
α4β2 nAChRs contain two α4 subunits and three β2 subunits, therefore it has two binding sites for ACh and other agonists. α4β2 nAChRs account for approximately 90% of the nAChRs in the human brain and when chronically exposed to nicotine or other nicotine agonists leads to increase in density of α4β2 receptors which is the opposite of what usually happens when other receptors are chronically exposed to their agonists. The α4β2 receptor has been widely studied in regards to Alzheimer’s disease as well as for nicotine dependence and in 2009 several drugs are on the market that target the α4β2 nAChR specifically.[12][13]
α7 receptor agonists
α7 receptors are homomeric neuronal acetylcholine receptors consisting of five α7 subunits and has 5 ACh binding sites. Abnormality in the α7 receptors expression have been reported to influence progression of diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia. The α7 are not believed to have as much affinity for nicotine as the heteromeric receptor but instead they have shown more affinity for alpha bungarotoxin which is a nicotinic antagonist found in venom of some snakes. Targeting of α7 receptors is therefore thought to be useful in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia.[8][14]
Muscle type receptor agonists
nAChR are found in the neuromuscular junction on skeletal muscles. Two different receptors have been found, one of which has primarily been found in adults contains two α1 subunits, one β1, one ε and one δ, the other one has been found in fetuses and contains γ subunit instead of the ε subunit. The nAChRs take part in the depolarization of the muscular endplate by increasing cation permeability leading to contraction of skeletal muscles.[15] The nAChRs found in the skeletal muscle system have two ACh binding sites, one of which is found at the interface between α1 and δ subunits while the other one is found at the interface between α1 and γ or ε subunits. Among nAChR antagonists designed specifically for the neuromuscular system are nerve gases and other poisons designed for quick kill either of humans and other animals or insects.[11]
Binding
Acetylcholine bound to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
ACh binds to nAChR because of charge difference between the molecule and the surface of the receptor. When binding to nAChR ACh fits into a binding pocket shaped by loops A, B and C which belong to α subunit and the adjacent subunit. When ACh is fitted into the binding pocket the loops of the nAChR undergo movement that leads to a coordination of the ACh molecule in the pocket enhancing the chemical bonds between the molecule and the receptor. After movement of the loops that belong to α subunit it’s sometimes possible for the ACh molecule to form a bond, e.g. salt bridge, to the adjacent subunit enhancing the bonds between the receptor and ACh even further.[16]
Drug design
Drugs that influence nAChRs can be agonists, partial agonists or antagonists. Agonists, e.g. nicotine, can however act as depolarizing agents when encountered to nAChRs for some time (seconds or minutes, depending on concentration and nAChR subtype), chronic exposure to agonist can also lead to long lasting functional deactivation because of rapid and persistent desensitization. Partial nAChR agonists have been studied since they seem to be helpful in smoking cessation. The partial agonists are believed to bind to the nAChRs and stimulate the release of dopamine in smaller portions than the agonists and therefore compensate for the absence of nicotine.[17]
The lack of specificity among some of the nicotinic agonists is well known and is a potential problem when using them to treat illnesses that require targeting a specific subtype of nAChRs. Among these nonspecific agonists are for example ACh, nicotine and epibatidine that all target more than one subtype of nAChRs.[18]
Pharmacophore
Chemical structure of nicotine
The development of nAChR agonist pharmacophore started in 1970 when it was proposed that the binding of the agonists to a receptor was dependent on a positively charged nitrogen atom and a hydrogen bond forming from carbonyl oxygen atom in acetylcholine or a nitrogen atom in (S)-nicotine. Since then it has been shown that a cationic center, atoms that are electronegative and able to form hydrogen bonds along with the center of the pyridine ring in (S)-nicotine are favorable. Stereochemistry is a part of the pharmacophore as is clearly seen with (S)- and (R)- nicotine where the (S)-enantiomer is 10-100 times more potent. The azabicyclic ring of epibatidine is another example of favorable steric interactions to the receptors. It has been suggested that a specific internitrogen distance, N+-N, is important for agonist affinity but debate has arisen over its influence. A newer theory is that a distance of 7-8 Å between points that complement the protonated nitrogen atom and hydrogen bond acceptor will enhance the potency. Low electronic density close to the protonated nitrogen and higher electron density close to the pyridine ring is favored in protonated nicotine ligands containing pyridine ring. In later years researchers have taken more interest in the α7 and α4β2 subtype receptors in drug development to treat nicotine dependence and cognitive impairment such as Alzheimer’s.[19]
Structure-activity relationships
Structure-activity relationships: Muscle nAChR agonists
Various models have been run where the affinity of nAChR agonists to the receptor subtype are tested to help identify the molecules, groups and steric conformation that are vital to greater affinity. By using a nAChR muscle receptor subtype (α1)2β1δγ model the following results were obtained: anatoxin > epibatidine > acetylcholine > DMPP >> cytisine > pyrantel > nicotine > coniine > tubocurare > lobeline, where anatoxin had the highest activity efficacy and tubocurare the lowest. Acetylcholine on the other hand induced a much longer opening time of the receptor though anatoxin is more potent. The results suggest that anatoxin derivatives would be helpful in understanding structure-activity relationships (SAR) for muscle nAChRs.[20]
Succinylcholine chloride, which is a drug that’s already on the market, is a bischoline ester and a short acting muscle relaxant. Bischoline esters are compounds that can act as a competitive agonist on muscle type nAChRs and have been used in SAR studies. In a Torpedo (α1)2β1δγ nAChR model it was demonstrated that the potency of bischoline ester agonists is dependant on the chain length as potency increases with longer chains. Efficacy seems to be independent of chain length since the highest efficacy is seen in bischoline esters with four to seven methylene groups and is lower for both fewer methylene groups and more.[21]
Structure-activity relationships: α4β2 nAChR agonists
Pyridin cyclopropan derivatives
Combination of structural elements of ACh and nicotine as well as reducing the conformational flexibility by using a cyclopropane ring has led to the discovery of potent and selective α4β2 nAChR ligands. The modulation of three structural elements, the linker, substitution on the amino group and the pyridine ring can be used to determine the influence on potency and selectivity of the ligands. Factors that decrease the binding are steric hindrance on the amino group and linkers that are saturated/unsaturated carbon chains. Short-chained ether linkers are preferred. Beneficial effects on the binding is seen with substitution on the pyridine ring both mono- and disubstitution with halogens among other groups. Substitution on the amino group with three different amides increased the binding affinity where methylamide had the highest binding. Lower binding in the other substituted amides was explained by steric hindrance or lack of a methyl group resulting in loss of hydrophobic interaction. Stereochemistry of pyridine nitrogen and/or the pyridine ring and its stereoelectronic effects has a subtle beneficial effect on the binding to the α4β2 nAChR. Thus it was shown that a pyridyl ether ligand with bromo substitution on the pyridine and metylatedamide on the amino group had the highest potency.[22]
Structure-activity relationships: α7 nAChR agonists
SEN12333/WAY-317538
Structure activity relationship model for α7 agonists
The search for selective and potent α7 nAChR agonists has produced a series of compounds that have good potential as drug candidates. One such search produced SEN12333/WAY-317538 among other compounds that have desirable pharmacokinetic profiles and are selective of α7 nAChRs over α1, α3 and α4β2 nAChRs. Structure activity relationships for these compounds have been proposed.[14] The optimal pharmacophore of α7 nAChR agonist is made of three parts. There is a basic moiety connected to a carbon chain linked to an aromatic moiety by an amide bridge. The amide bridge can be inverted without affecting the potency of the agonist. A biaryl group shows more potency than a monoaryl group as the aromatic moiety and substitution at position 2 on the later aryl group will further increase the potency. Potency is higher for agonists with H+ donor/acceptor on the later aryl group on the biaryl group. A high number of hydrogen bond acceptors could decrease permeability across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) do to the polar surface area and needs to be taken into account when designing agonists to target α7 nAChRs.[14]
Various cyclic amine groups can act as the basic moiety and potency stays relatively unchanged for example aryl piperazine, piperidine and morpholine. An acyclic tertiary amine is tolerated as the basic moiety but larger steric groups are less tolerated.[14]
Many derivatives of quinuclidine such as quinuclidine amide are known to be α7 nAChR agonists. SAR studies for quinuclidine amide have identified factors that are affecting the potency and affinity of these agonists. Para substitution on the quinuclidine ring and the 3-(R) configuration in the stereochemistry is favored. Enhanced activity is observed when a 5 membered ring is fused to aromatic moiety. Further enhancement is seen when the fused ring is able to supply electron resonance to the amide carbonyl whereas the activity will diminish when the fused ring contains a hydrogen bond donating atom. The rigidity of quinuclidine and the orthogonal orientation of the nitrogen bridge in relations to the amide carbonyl group is presumed important for the optimal binding. The stability of some of the more potent quinuclidine amide derivatives in rat in vitro models have been low however by adding a methyl group to position 2 on the quinuclidine ring the stability has increased greatly.[23]
Drug development
The development of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists began in the early 1990s after the discovery of nicotine’s positive effects on animal memory.[2][3] The development of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists has come a long way since then. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist are gaining increasing attention as drug candidates for multiple central nervous system disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and nicotine addiction.[24][25] Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are receptors found in the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous systems and skeletal muscles. They are ligand-gated ion channels with binding sites for acetylcholine as well as other agonists. When agonists bind to a receptor it stabilizes the open state of the ion channel allowing influx of cations.[8]
In 2009 there were at least five drugs on the market that affect the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
| Quinuclidine Carbamates | Quinuclidine Amides | Quinuclidine Ethers |
Products of nicotinic agonist
| Active ingredient | Product name | Chemical name | Pharmaceutical form | Pharmacodynamic properties | Therapeutic use | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Varenicline tartrate | Champix, Chantix | 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,10-methano-6H-pyrazino[2,3-h][3]benzazepine [25] | Film coated tablet | Partial agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, subtype α4β2 [26] | Treatment of tobacco dependence [26] | |
| Galantamine hydrobromide | Reminyl, Nivalin, Razadyne and Razadyn ER | 4a,5,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-3-methoxy-11-methyl-6H-benzofuro[3a,3,2-ef][2]-benzazepin-6-ol[27] | Sustained release capsule, film coated tablet, oral solution | Cholinesterasa inhibitor and a noncompetative agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor[3] | Treatment of dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease [28] | |
| Nicotine | Nicorette, Nicotinell, Niquitin, Boots NicAssist, Commit, Habitrol, Nicoderm CQ, Nicotrol, Thrive | 3-[(2S)-1-methylpyrrolidine-2-yl]pyridine | Transdermal patch, gum, inhaler, nasal spray, lozenge, microtab | Agonist of the nicotinic receptor,[29] both Ganglion type and α4β2[30] | Treatment of tobacco dependence [31] | |
| Carbachol | Miostat | 2-[(aminocarbonyl)oxy]-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium | Intraocular solution | Cholinergic agonist[32] | Treatment of glaucoma | |
| Suxamethonium chloride (Succinylcholine chloride) | Anectine, Quelicin Suxamethonium Chloride | 2,2'-[(1,4-dioxobutane-1,4-diyl)bis(oxy)]bis(N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium) | Intravenous or intramuscular injection | Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent [33] | Short acting muscle relaxant [34] | |
| Epibatidine | Not listed | 2-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane | Not listed | Agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor [35] | Not used as a drug |
Other nicotinic agonists, albeit generally with limited clinical use, include:
- lobeline, an agonist on Ganglion type nicotinic receptors and also affects sensory nerve terminals[30]
- epibatidine, and agonist on Ganglion type, α4β2 and α7 receptors.[30]
- decamethonium causes depolarization block on muscle type receptors, similarly to suxamethonium[30]
Nicotinic versus muscarinic activity
| Comparison of cholinergic agonists [36] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance | Receptor specificity | Hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase |
Comments | |
| Muscarinic | Nicotinic | |||
| Choline | +++ | +++ | ++ | Essential nutrient |
| Acetylcholine | +++ | +++ | +++ | Endogenous ligand |
| Carbachol | ++ | +++ | - | Used in the treatment of glaucoma |
| Methacholine | +++ | + | ++ | |
| Bethanechol | +++ | - | - | Used in bladder and gastrointestinal hypotonia. |
| Muscarine | +++ | - | - | Natural alkaloid found in certain mushrooms. Cause of mushroom poisoning |
| Nicotine | - | +++ | - | Natural alkaloid found in the tobacco plant. |
| Pilocarpine | ++ | - | - | Used in glaucoma |
| Oxotremorine | ++ | - | - | |
Current status
Currently nicotine receptor agonist research and drug designing is aimed for treatment of multiple diseases and disorders of the CNS.
Targacept has four drug candidates that are in clinical trials; AZD3480 (TC-1734) for ADHD which is currently in phase II clinical trials and AZD1446 (TC-6683) for Alzheimers disease in collaboration with AstraZeneca, TC-5619 for cognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia and TC-5214 as an augmentation treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) in subjects who did not respond adequately to first-line treatment with citalopram hydrobromide.[37]
Memory pharmaceuticals with its partner Roche has one drug candidate, MEM 3454 (RG3487), a partial agonist of the nicotinic alpha-7 receptor, for Alzheimers disease.[38][39]
Abbott Laboratories in partnership with NeuroSearch have two drug candidates in clinical trials, ABT-894, a selective α4β2 nicotine receptor agonist, for ADHD and ABT-560, a neuronal nicotinic receptor modulator, which was selected by Abbott in 2006 as a new development candidate for cognitive dysfunctions.[40]
EnVivo pharmaceuticals has one drug candidate in clinical trials, EVP-6124, a selective α7 nicotine receptor agonist for Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia and one follow-up compound, EVP-4473, that has successfully completed pre-clinical development.[41]
See also
- Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
- Agonist
- Parasympathomimetic drug
- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
- Nicotinic antagonist
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- ^ Carter, Chris R.J.; Cao, Liren; Kawai, Hideki; Smith, Peter A.; Dryden, William F.; Raftery, Michael A.; Dunn, Susan M.J. (2007), "Chain length dependence of the interactions of bisquaternary ligands with the Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor", Biochemical pharmacology 73: 417–426, doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2006.10.011, PMID 17118342, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T4P-4M57J23-1-F&_cdi=4980&_user=711285&_orig=search&_coverDate=02%2F01%2F2007&_sk=999269996&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkzS&md5=a4e185319f647c29aa07fa8965b7dcfe&ie=/sdarticle.pdf
- ^ Charton, Yves; Guillonneau, Claude.; Lockhart, Brian; Lestageb, Pierre; Goldsteina, Solo (2008), "Preparation and affinity profile of novel nicotinic ligands", Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 18: 2188–2193
- ^ Walker, Daniel P.; Wishka, Donn G.; Piotrowski, David W.; Jia, Shaojuan; Reitz, Steven C.; Yates, Karen M.; Myers, Jason K.; Vetman, Tatiana N. et al. (2006), "Design, synthesis, structure–activity relationship, and in vivo activity of azabicyclic aryl amides as a7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists", Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 14: 8219–8248, doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2006.09.019, PMID 17011782, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6TF8-4M1CYWD-1-54&_cdi=5220&_user=711285&_orig=search&_coverDate=12%2F15%2F2006&_sk=999859975&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkWz&md5=53cfbcf400dc5a6eef2c7c0a7e4b9b19&ie=/sdarticle.pdf
- ^ http://www.envivopharma.com - Nicotinic Alpha7 Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist Program
- ^ a b Rollema, H.; Chambers, L.K; Coe, J.W.; Glowa, J.; Hurst, R.S.; Lebel, L.A; Lu, Y.; Mansbach, R.S. et al. (2007), "Pharmacological profile of the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist varenicline, an effective smoking cessation aid", Neuropharmacology 52: 985–994, doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.10.016, PMID 17157884, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T0C-4MHPC4D-1-1&_cdi=4859&_user=5915660&_orig=search&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2007&_sk=999479996&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkWA&md5=278af14ec1880832892c75eb88cbe79d&ie=/sdarticle.pdf
- ^ a b http://emc.medicines.org.uk
- ^ Greenblatt, H.M.; Kryger, G.; Lewis, T.; Silman, I.; Sussman, J.L (1999), "Structure of acetylcholinesterase complexed with (-)-galanthamine at 2.3 angstrom resolution", Federation of European Biochemical Societies: 321–326, doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01637-3, PMID 10606746, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T36-3YC6473-X-F&_cdi=4938&_user=5915660&_orig=search&_coverDate=12%2F17%2F1999&_sk=995369996&view=c&wchp=dGLzVlz-zSkWb&md5=af60c0695189943a1d96ea50fdcdefc1&ie=/sdarticle.pdf
- ^ htt://emc.mediciness.org/galantamine
- ^ Dani, John A.; Biasi, Mariella De (2001), "Cellular mechanisms of nicotine addiction", Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 70: 439–446, doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00652-9, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T0N-44W8G76-1&_user=5915660&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000068853&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=5915660&md5=adefbdf5f94a2f4c1a234e192aa0773d
- ^ a b c d Rang, H. P. (2003), Pharmacology, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, ISBN 0-443-07145-4 Page 149
- ^ XI, Zheng-xiong; Spiller, Krista; Gardner, Eliot L. (2009), "Mechanism-based medication development for the treatment of nicotine dependence", Acta Pharmacol Sin 30 (6): 723–739, doi:10.1038/aps.2009.46, http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1740264461&sid=8&Fmt=2&clientId=58117&RQT=309&VName=PQD
- ^ http://www.accessdata.fda.gov
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- ^ Unless else specified in boxes, then reference is: Table 10-3 in: Rod Flower; Humphrey P. Rang; Maureen M. Dale; Ritter, James M. (2007). Rang & Dale's pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-06911-5.
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- ^ http://www.neurosearch.dk
- ^ http://www.envivopharma.com
External links
- nicotinic+agonists at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- MeSH list of agents 82018722
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 成人における禁煙のための薬物療法 pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation in adults
- 2. ニコチンの心血管系への影響 cardiovascular effects of nicotine
- 3. 2歳未満の小児における成長障害（低栄養）の病因および評価 etiology and evaluation of failure to thrive undernutrition in children younger than two years
- 4. 喫煙と妊娠 smoking and pregnancy
- 5. 成人における禁煙管理の概要 overview of smoking cessation management in adults
English Journal
- Comparative evaluation of systemic drugs for their effects against Anopheles gambiae.
- Butters MP, Kobylinski KC, Deus KM, da Silva IM, Gray M, Sylla M, Foy BD.SourceArthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.
- Acta tropica.Acta Trop.2012 Jan;121(1):34-43. Epub 2011 Oct 14.
- Laboratory and field studies have shown that ivermectin, a drug that targets invertebrate ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs), is potently active against Anopheles spp. mosquitoes at concentrations present in human blood after standard drug administrations; thus ivermectin holds promise as a mass huma
- PMID 22019935
- New insights on the molecular features and electrophysiological properties of dinotefuran, imidacloprid and acetamiprid neonicotinoid insecticides.
- Le Questel JY, Graton J, Cerón-Carrasco JP, Jacquemin D, Planchat A, Thany SH.SourceUniversité de Nantes, CEISAM UMR 6230, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, Nantes F-44000, France.
- Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.Bioorg Med Chem.2011 Dec 15;19(24):7623-34. Epub 2011 Oct 20.
- Structural features and hydrogen-bond interactions of dinotefuran (DIN), imidacoloprid (IMI) and acetamiprid (ACE) have been investigated experimentally through analyses of new crystal structures and observations in structural databases, as well as by Density Functional Theory quantum chemical calcu
- PMID 22056840
Japanese Journal
- In vivo relationship between thalamic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor occupancy rates and antiallodynic effects in a rat model of neuropathic pain: persistent agonist binding inhibits the expression of antiallodynic effects.
- Ueda Masashi,Iida Yasuhiko,Yoneyama Tomoki,Kawai Tomoki,Ogawa Mikako,Magata Yasuhiro,Saji Hideo
- Synapse 65(1), 77-83, 2011-01
- … We have recently clarified that nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed in the thalamus play an important role in antiallodynic effects produced by the nAChR agonist, 5-iodo-3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine (5IA). …
- NAID 120002949727
- Dopamine D2–Receptor Antagonists Ameliorate Indomethacin-Induced Small Intestinal Ulceration in Mice by Activating α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
- Yasuda Masashi,Kawahara Ryoji,Hashimura Hiroshi,Yamanaka Naoki,Iimori Maho,Amagase Kikuko,Kato Shinichi,Takeuchi Koji
- Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 116(3), 274-282, 2011
- … We have reported that nicotine and the specific α7AChR agonist ameliorate indomethacin-induced intestinal lesions in mice by activating α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR). …
- NAID 130001014458
- レチノイドX受容体を標的に単剤1型・2型糖尿病治療薬候補化合物創製に挑む
- 加来田 博貴
- YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 131(6), 917-923, 2011
- … In this study, we performed systematic conversion of the alkoxy side chain of 5a (6-[ethyl-(3-isopropoxy-4-isopropylphenyl)amino] nicotinic acid: NEt-3IP) and evaluated the RXR-, PPAR/RXR- and LXR/RXR-agonist activities of the products. …
- NAID 130000926975
Related Links
- Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual... ... A nicotinic agonist is a drug which enhances the action at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Examples include: nicotine (by ...
- Nicotinic agonist A nicotinic agonist is a drug which enhances the action at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Examples include: nicotine (by definition ... my.chemeurope.com With an accout for my.chemeurope.com you can ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「ニコチン作動薬」「ニコチン作用薬」「ニコチン刺激薬」「ニコチンアゴニスト」「ニコチン受容体刺激薬」 |
| 関連記事 | 「nicotinic」 |
「ニコチン作動薬」
「ニコチン作用薬」
「ニコチン刺激薬」
「ニコチンアゴニスト」
「ニコチン受容体刺激薬」
「nicotinic」
- ニコチン性の、ニコチンの