神経胚
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/05/30 07:45:54」(JST)
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Cross Section of a Vertebrate Embryo in the Neurula Stage
A Neurula is an embryo at the early stage of development in which neurulation occurs.
Neurulation is the development of the nervous system in the vertebrates, at the thickened area above the notochord in ectoderms. The neural plate will fold to produce the neural tube which will develop into the brain. Remaining tissue will develop into the spinal cord. Neurula involves the formation of an internal neural tube from an external sheet of cells. The first signs of neurulation are flattening and thickening of the ectoderm overlying the notochord; this thickened area forms a neural plate. The edges of the neural plate that run in an anterior-posterior direction continue to thicken, forming ridges or folds. Between these neural folds, a groove forms and deepens as the folds roll over it to converge on the midline. The fold fuses, forming a cylinder--the neural tube--and a continuous overlying layer of epidermal ectoderm. The neural tube develops bulges at the anterior end, which become the major divisions of the brain. The remaining sections of the tube becomes the spinal cord.
Health
In humans, failure of the neural tube to develop normally can result in serious birth defects. If the neural folds fail to fuse in a posterior region, the result is a condition known as spina bifida. If they fail to fuse at the anterior end, an infant can develop without a forebrain - a condition called anencephaly.
There are genetic as well as dietary factors that cause neural tube defects. The incidence of neural tube defects used to be about 1 in 300 live births, but we now know that this incidence can be cut in half if pregnant women have an adequate amount of folic acid in their diets.
Development of the nervous system
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Neurogenesis |
General |
- neural development
- neurulation
- neurula
- Notochord
- Neuroectoderm
- Neural plate
- Neural fold
- Neural groove
- Neuropoiesis
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Neural crest |
- Cranial neural crest
- Cardiac neural crest complex
- Truncal neural crest
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Neural tube |
- Rostral neuropore
- Neuromere / Rhombomere
- Cephalic flexure
- Pontine flexure
- Alar plate
- Basal plate
- Glioblast
- Neuroblast
- Germinal matrix
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Eye |
- Neural tube
- Optic vesicle
- Optic stalk
- Optic cup
- Surface ectoderm
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Ear |
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Index of the central nervous system
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Description |
- Anatomy
- meninges
- cortex
- association fibers
- commissural fibers
- lateral ventricles
- basal ganglia
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- pons
- cerebellum
- medulla
- spinal cord
- Physiology
- Development
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Disease |
- Cerebral palsy
- Meningitis
- Demyelinating diseases
- Seizures and epilepsy
- Headache
- Stroke
- Sleep
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- head and neck
- eponymous
- lesions
- Tests
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Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- general anesthetics
- analgesics
- addiction
- epilepsy
- cholinergics
- migraine
- Parkinson's
- vertigo
- other
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Index of the eye
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Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Phenomena
- appearance
- visual
- optical illusions
- proteins
- Development
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Disease |
- Congenital
- Corneal dystrophy
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
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Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- infection
- glaucoma and miosis
- mydriatics
- vascular
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Index of the ear
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Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Development
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Disease |
- Congenital
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
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Treatment |
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English Journal
- A transiently expressed connexin is essential for anterior neural plate development in Ciona intestinalis.
- Hackley C, Mulholland E, Kim GJ, Newman-Smith E, Smith WC.AbstractA forward genetic screen in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis identified a mutant line (frimousse) with a profound disruption in neural plate development. In embryos with the frimousse mutation, the anteriormost neural plate cells, which are products of an FGF induction at the blastula and gastrula stages, initially express neural plate-specific genes but fail to maintain the induced state and ultimately default to epidermis. The genetic lesion in the frimousse mutant lies within a connexin gene (cx-11) that is transiently expressed in the developing neural plate in a temporal window corresponding to the period of a-lineage neural induction. Using a genetically encoded calcium indicator we observed multiple calcium transients throughout the developing neural plate in wild-type embryos, but not in mutant embryos. A series of treatments at the gastrula and neurula stages that block the calcium transients, including gap junction inhibition and calcium depletion, were also found to disrupt the development of the anterior neural plate in a similar way to the frimousse mutation. The requirement for cx-11 for anterior neural fate points to a crucial role for intercellular communication via gap junctions, probably through mediation of Ca(2+) transients, in Ciona intestinalis neural induction.
- Development (Cambridge, England).Development.2012 Nov 22. [Epub ahead of print]
- A forward genetic screen in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis identified a mutant line (frimousse) with a profound disruption in neural plate development. In embryos with the frimousse mutation, the anteriormost neural plate cells, which are products of an FGF induction at the blastula and gastrula st
- PMID 23175630
- Systematic investigation of Amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) microRNAs.
- Zhou X, Jin P, Qin S, Chen L, Ma F.SourceLaboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China.
- Gene.Gene.2012 Oct 15;508(1):110-6. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.065. Epub 2012 Jun 30.
- MicroRNAs (miRNAs) participate in various biological processes via controlling gene activity. Amphioxus is the best available stand-in as the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates. Here, we systematically investigated the miRNAs in amphioxus. First, we identified 245 candidate amphioxus
- PMID 22750802
Japanese Journal
- Brief Hypo-osmotic Shock Causes Test Cell Death, Prevents Neurula Rotation, and Disrupts Left-Right Asymmetry in Ciona intestinalis
- Katsumoto Shimpei,Hatta Kohei,Nakagawa Masashi
- Zoological science 30(5), 352-359, 2013-05
- NAID 40019643267
- Identification of up-regulated genes in amphioxus neurula and the expression of AmphiFABP
- Liu Xiaohui,Sun Yi,Zhang Juyong [他],LI Guang,WANG Yiquan
- Genes & genetic systems 86(1), 37-46, 2011-02-25
- … During the developmental process of amphioxus embryo, the neurula is a crucial stage because of neural tube and notochord formation as well as somite emergence at this stage. … In order to isolate genes up-regulated at the neurula stage, we constructed an 11-hour neurula subtracted cDNA library of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri and sequenced 204 ESTs representing 82 contigs. …
- NAID 10029516204
- Effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine on the Gene ExpressionProfile During Embryogenesis of the AscidianCiona intestinalis: A Microarray Analysis
- Sasaki Akane,Satoh Nori
- Zoological Science 24(7), 648-655, 2007-07
- … Embryos treated with 5-aza-CdR show delayed gastrulation and are developmentally arrested at the neurula stage. …
- NAID 120001624147
Related Links
- A Neurula is an embryo at the early stage of development in which neurulation occurs. Neurulation is the development of the nervous system in the vertebrates, at the thickened area above the notochord in ectoderms. The neural plate will fold ...
- Encyclopedia. Wikipedia encyclopedia ? neurula. Also found in: Dictionary/ thesaurus, Wikipedia, 0.01 sec. neurula /neu·ru·la/ (noor´u-lah) the early embryonic stage following the gastrula, marked by the first appearance of the nervous system.
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