neurotransmitter transporter

WordNet

1. move something or somebody around; usually over long distances
2. an exchange of molecules (and their kinetic energy and momentum) across the boundary between adjacent layers of a fluid or across cell membranes
3. move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in ones hands or on ones body; "You must carry your camping gear"; "carry the suitcases to the car"; "This train is carrying nuclear waste"; "These pipes carry waste water into the river" (同)carry
4. transport commercially (同)send, ship
5. a long truck for carrying motor vehicles (同)car transporter
6. a crane for moving material with dispatch as in loading and unloading ships
7. a neurochemical that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (ある場所からある場所へ)…‘を'『輸送する』,運搬する《+名+from+名+to+名》 / 《文》《受動態で》(…で)…‘を'夢中にする,有頂天にする《+名+with+名》 / 〈罪人〉‘を'流刑にする / 〈U〉輸送,運送,輸送(交通)機関(transportation) / 〈C〉(軍隊や軍需品を運ぶ)輸送船,輸送機
2. 自動車運搬用大型トラック

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/16 10:54:11」(JST)

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Neurotransmitter transporters are a class of membrane transport proteins that span the cellular membranes of neurons. Their primary function is to carry neurotransmitters across these membranes and to direct their further transport to specific intracellular locations. There are more than twenty types of neurotransmitter transporters.

Vesicular transporters move neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles, regulating the concentrations of substances within them. Vesicular transporters rely on a proton gradient created by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in order to carry out their work: v-ATPase hydrolyzes ATP, causing protons to be pumped into the Synaptic vesicles and creating a proton gradient. Then the efflux of protons from the vesicle provides the energy to bring the neurotransmitter into the vesicle.

Neurotransmitter transporters frequently use electrochemical gradients that exist across cell membranes to carry out their work. For example, some transporters use energy obtained by the cotransport, or symport, of Na⁺ in order to move glutamate across membranes. Such neurotransporter cotransport systems are highly diverse, as recent development indicates that uptake systems are generally selective and associate with a specific neurotransmitter.

Normally, transporters in the synaptic membrane serve to remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft and prevent their action or bring it to an end. However, on occasion transporters can work in reverse, transporting neurotransmitters into the synapse, allowing these neurotransmitters to bind to their receptors and exert their effect. This "nonvesicular release" of neurotransmitters is used by some cells, such as amacrine cells in the retina, as a normal form of neurotransmitter release.

§Types

Structure of a typical chemical synapse
Postsynaptic density Voltage- gated Ca++ channel Synaptic vesicle Neurotransmitter transporter Receptor Neurotransmitter Axon terminal Synaptic cleft Dendrite

Specific types of neurotransmitter transporters include the following:

• Glutamate/aspartate transporters, including:
  • Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1)
  • Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2)
  • Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3)
  • Excitatory amino acid transporter 4 (EAAT4)
  • Excitatory amino acid transporter 5 (EAAT5)
  • Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1)
  • Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2)
  • Vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3)

• GABA transporters, including:
  • GABA transporter type 1 (GAT1)
  • GABA transporter type 2 (GAT2)
  • GABA transporter type 3 (GAT3)
  • Betaine transporter (BGT1)
  • Vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)

• Glycine transporters, including:
  • Glycine transporter type 1 (GlyT1)
  • Glycine transporter type 2 (GlyT2)

• Monoamine transporters, including:
  • Dopamine transporter (DAT)
  • Norepinephrine transporter (NET)
  • Serotonin transporter (SERT)
  • Vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1)
  • Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2)

• Adenosine transporters, including:
  • Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1)
  • Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (ENT2)
  • Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3 (ENT3)
  • Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 4 (ENT4)

• Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT)

Note that there is no plasmalemmal acetylcholine transporter, as acetylcholine is terminated via rapid metabolism into choline by cholinesterase enzymes, and choline is subsequently transported back into the cell and reconverted into acetylcholine.

Transporters associated with histamine and the endocannabinoids have not yet been identified.

§Clinical significance

A variety of neurotransmitter reuptake transporters are pharmacotherapeutic targets for modulating the synaptic neurotransmitter concentration, and therefore neurotransmission.

• Antidepressants such as SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs suppress the activity of serotonin and/or norepinephrine transporters, preventing the reuptake of targeted neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft.
• Psychostimulants like cocaine, amphetamines, and methylphenidate act by inhibiting and/or reversing the dopamine and/or norepinephrine transporters. Some dissociatives like phencyclidine and ketamine are also dopamine transporter inhibitors.
• Tiagabine, a drug used as an anticonvulsant, acts by inhibiting the GABA transporter 1.

Vesicular transporters could provide an alternative therapeutic target for the modulation of chemical neurotransmission, as the activity of these transporters could affect the quantity of neurotransmitter released.

• Vesamicol, for example, is an inhibitor of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. It prevents the loading of ACh into the presynaptic vesicles, causing a fall in the amount that is released in response to a neuronal action potential. It is not used clinically, but provides a useful tool for research into the behaviour of neurotransmitter vesicles.

§References

§External links

• Neurotransmitter Transporters at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Clearing Your Mind of Neurotransmitters: Functional Impact of Neurotransmitter Transporter Gene Variants - a videocast of the lecture by Randy Blakely, Ph.D., Vanderbilt University. Part of NIH Neuroscience Seminar series. 450 Mb file, .m4v format.
• The Blakely Lab - Laboratory exploring the molecular basis for neurotransmitter transporter structure, function and regulation.

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English Journal

• Photoperiodic regulation of glycogen metabolism, glycolysis, and glutamine synthesis in tanycytes of the Siberian hamster suggests novel roles of tanycytes in hypothalamic function.

• Nilaweera K, Herwig A, Bolborea M, Campbell G, Mayer CD, Morgan PJ, Ebling FJ, Barrett P.SourceRowett Institute for Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
• Glia.Glia.2011 Nov;59(11):1695-705. doi: 10.1002/glia.21216. Epub 2011 Jul 18.
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Japanese Journal

• 膜タンパク質結晶構造解析と創薬への可能性 : 神経伝達物質トランスポーターホモログLeuTを例に

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• 日本結晶学会誌 52(1), 76-80, 2010-02-28
• … Stable homologs for a membrane protein of interest, such as prokaryotic neurotransmitter transporter homolog LeuT, might enable cooperative analyses by crystallography and functional assays, provide useful information for functional mechanisms, and thus serve as important probes for drug design based on mechanisms as well as structures. …
• NAID 10026107960

Related Links

• Neurotransmitter transporter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Neurotransmitter transporters are a class of membrane transport proteins that span the cellular membranes of neurons. Their primary function is to carry neurotransmitters across these membranes and to direct their further transport to specific ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「神経伝達物質輸送体」「神経伝達物質トランスポーター」
関連記事	「transport」「transporter」「neurotransmitter」

「神経伝達物質輸送体」

　　[★]

英

neurotransmitter transporter、neurotransmitter transport protein

関

神経伝達物質トランスポーター

「神経伝達物質トランスポーター」

　　[★]

英

neurotransmitter transporter

関

神経伝達物質輸送体

「transport」

　　[★]

• n.

• 輸送、運搬

• v.

• 輸送する、運搬する、運ぶ

関

bring、carriage、carry、convey、delivery、ship、traffic、trafficking、transportation

　 　 　 　 　

「transporter」

　　[★] トランスポーター

関

translocator、transport protein、transporter protein

　 　 　

「neurotransmitter」

　　[★] 神経伝達物質

同

neurotransmitters, defects in neurologic disease