関: minus-strand、negative-strand

WordNet

reckoned in a direction opposite to that regarded as positive; "negative interest rates"
a piece of photographic film showing an image with light and shade or colors reversed
a reply of denial; "he answered in the negative"
not indicating the presence of microorganisms or disease or a specific condition; "the HIV test was negative" (同)disconfirming
having a negative charge; "electrons are negative" (同)electronegative, negatively charged
characterized by or displaying negation or denial or opposition or resistance; having no positive features; "a negative outlook on life"; "a colorless negative personality"; "a negative evaluation"; "a negative reaction to an advertising campaign"
expressing or consisting of a negation or refusal or denial
having the quality of something harmful or unpleasant; "ran a negative campaign"; "delinquents retarded by their negative outlook on life"
less than zero; "a negative number"
drive (a vessel) ashore
line consisting of a complex of fibers or filaments that are twisted together to form a thread or a rope or a cable
a pattern forming a unity within a larger structural whole; "he tried to pick up the strands of his former life"; "I could hear several melodic strands simultaneously"
a poetic term for a shore (as the area periodically covered and uncovered by the tides)
a street in west central London famous for its theaters and hotels

PrepTutorEJDIC

『否定の』,反対の / 『消極的な』,控えめの / 陰電気の;(数値が)負の,マイナスの(minus);(写真が)陰画の,ネガの;(医学検査結果が)陰性の / 『否定』,拒否,「いやだ」と言うこと / 否定語[句] / 《the~》(特に討論会の)反対者側,反対派 / (電気分解に用いる)陰極板 / (数値の)負数 / (写真の)陰画,ネガ / 《しばしば受動態に用いて》…‘に'反対投票をする / =negate
〈船〉‘を'座礁させる / 《受動態で》〈人〉‘を'置き去りにする,困った状態におく / 〈船が〉座礁する / 〈人が〉途方に暮れる,立ち往生する / 岸,浜
こ撚(よ)り(何本かより合わせて糸・なわなどにするその一本) / (より合わせた)糸,ひも;(頭髪の)房 / (真珠・ビーズなど)ひもに通したもの
窮した,行き詰まった,こんがらがった

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/29 03:04:46」(JST)

wiki en

In molecular biology and genetics, sense is a concept used to compare the polarity of nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA or RNA, to other nucleic acid molecules. Depending on the context within molecular biology, sense may have slightly different meanings.

DNA sense

Schematic showing how antisense DNA strands can interfere with protein translation.

Molecular biologists call a single strand of DNA sense (or positive (+)) if an RNA version of the same sequence is translated or translatable into protein. Its complementary strand is called antisense (or negative (-) sense). Sometimes the phrase coding strand is encountered; however, protein coding and non-coding RNAs can be transcribed similarly from both strands, in some cases being transcribed in both directions from a common promoter region, or being transcribed from within introns, on both strands (see "ambisense" below).^[1]^[2]^[3]

Antisense DNA

The two complementary strands of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) are usually differentiated as the "sense" strand and the "antisense" strand. The DNA sense strand looks like the messenger RNA (mRNA) and can be used to read the expected protein code; for example, ATG in the sense DNA may correspond to an AUG codon in the mRNA, encoding the amino acid methionine. However, the DNA sense strand itself is not used to make protein by the cell. It is the DNA antisense strand which serves as the source for the protein code, because, with bases complementary to the DNA sense strand, it is used as a template for the mRNA. Since transcription results in an RNA product complementary to the DNA template strand, the mRNA is complementary to the DNA antisense strand. The mRNA is what is used for translation (protein synthesis).

Hence, a base triplet 3'-TAC-5' in the DNA antisense strand can be used as a template which will result in an 5'-AUG-3' base triplet in mRNA (AUG is the codon for methionine, the start codon). The DNA sense strand will have the triplet ATG, which looks just like AUG but will not be used to make methionine because it will not be used to make mRNA. The DNA sense strand is called a "sense" strand not because it will be used to make protein (it won't be), but because it has a sequence that looks like the protein codon sequence.

In biology and research, short antisense molecules can interact with complementary strands of nucleic acids, modifying expression of genes. See the section on "antisense oligonucleotides" below.

Example with double-stranded DNA

DNA strand 1: antisense strand (transcribed to)→ RNA strand (sense)

DNA strand 2: sense strand

Some regions within a double strand of DNA code for genes, which are usually instructions specifying the order of amino acids in a protein along with regulatory sequences, splicing sites, noncoding introns, and other complicating details. For a cell to use this information, one strand of the DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA. The template DNA strand is called the transcribed strand with antisense sequence and the mRNA transcript is said to be sense sequence (the complement of antisense). Because the DNA is double-stranded, the strand complementary to the antisense sequence is called the non-transcribed strand and has the same sense sequence as the mRNA transcript (though T bases in DNA are substituted with U bases in RNA).

3'CGCTATAGCGTTT 5'	DNA antisense strand (template/noncoding)	Used as a template for transcription.
5'GCGATATCGCAAA 3'	DNA sense strand (nontemplate/coding)	Complementary to the template strand.
5'GCGAUAUCGCAAA 3'	mRNA Sense transcript	RNA strand that is transcribed from the noncoding (template/antisense) strand. Note¹: Except for the fact that all thymines are now uracils (T-->U), it is complementary to the noncoding (template/antisense) DNA strand (identical to the coding (nontemplate/sense) DNA strand).
3'CGCUAUAGCGUUU 5'	mRNA Antisense transcript	RNA strand that is transcribed from the coding (nontemplate/sense) strand. Note: Except for the fact that all thymines are now uracils (T-->U), it is complementary to the coding (nontemplate/sense) DNA strand (identical to the noncoding (template/antisense) DNA strand.)

A note on the confusion between "sense" and "antisense" strands: The strand names actually depend on which direction you are writing the sequence that contains the information for proteins (the "sense" information), not on which strand is on the top or bottom (that is arbitrary). The only real biological information that is important for labeling strands is the location of the 5' phosphate group and the 3' hydroxyl group because these ends determine the direction of transcription and translation. A sequence 5' CGCTAT 3' is equivalent to a sequence written 3' TATCGC 5' as long as the 5' and 3' ends are noted. If the ends are not labeled, convention is to assume that the sequence is written from left to right in the 5' to 3' direction. Watson strand refers to 5' to 3' top strand (5' → 3'), whereas Crick strand refers to 5' to 3' bottom strand (3' ← 5').^[4] Both Watson and Crick strands can be either sense or antisense strands depending on the gene whose sequences are displayed in the genome sequence database. For example, YEL021W, an alias of URA3 gene used in NCBI database, defines that this gene is located on the 21st open reading frame (ORF) from the centromere of the left arm (L) of Yeast (Y) chromosome number V (E), and that the expression coding strand is Watson strand (W). YKL074C defines the 74th ORF to the left of the centromere of chromosome XI and denotes coding strand from the Crick strand (C). Another confusing term referring to "Plus" and "Minus" strand is also widely used. Whether the strand is sense (positive) or antisense (negative), the default query sequence in NCBI BLAST alignment is "Plus" strand.

Ambisense

A single-stranded genome that contains both positive-sense and negative-sense is said to be ambisense. Bunyaviruses have 3 single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) fragments containing both positive-sense and negative-sense sections; arenaviruses are also ssRNA viruses with an ambisense genome, as they have 2 fragments that are mainly negative-sense except for part of the 5' ends of the large and small segments of their genome.

Antisense RNA

Antisense RNA is an RNA transcript that is complementary to endogenous mRNA. In other words, it is a non-coding strand complementary to the coding sequence of RNA; this is similar to negative-sense viral RNA. Introducing a transgene coding for antisense RNA is a technique used to block expression of a gene of interest. Radioactively-labelled antisense RNA can be used to show the level of transcription of genes in various cell types. Some alternative antisense structural types are being experimentally applied as antisense therapy, with at least one antisense therapy approved for use in humans.^{[citation needed]}

When mRNA forms a duplex with a complementary antisense RNA sequence, translation is blocked. This process is related to RNA interference.

Antisense nucleic acid molecules have been used experimentally to bind to mRNA and prevent expression of specific genes. Antisense therapies are also in development; in the USA, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved phosphorothioate antisense oligos fomivirsen (Vitravene) and mipomersen (Kynamro)^[5] for human therapeutic use.

Cells can produce antisense RNA molecules naturally, which interact with complementary mRNA molecules and inhibit their expression.

RNA sense in viruses

In virology, the genome of an RNA virus can be said to be either positive-sense, also known as a "plus-strand", or negative-sense, also known as a "minus-strand". In most cases, the terms sense and strand are used interchangeably, making such terms as positive-strand equivalent to positive-sense, and plus-strand equivalent to plus-sense. Whether a virus genome is positive-sense or negative-sense can be used as a basis for classifying viruses.

Positive-sense

Positive-sense (5' to 3') viral RNA signifies that a particular viral RNA sequence may be directly translated into the desired viral proteins. Therefore, in positive-sense RNA viruses, the viral RNA genome can be considered viral mRNA, and can be immediately translated by the host cell. Unlike negative-sense RNA, positive-sense RNA is of the same sense as mRNA. Some viruses (e.g., Coronaviridae) have positive-sense genomes that can act as mRNA and be used directly to synthesize proteins without the help of a complementary RNA intermediate. Because of this, these viruses do not need to have an RNA polymerase packaged into the virion.

Negative-sense

Negative-sense (3' to 5') viral RNA is complementary to the viral mRNA and thus from it a positive-sense RNA must be produced by an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase prior to translation. Negative-sense RNA (like DNA) has a nucleotide sequence complementary to the mRNA that it encodes. Like DNA, this RNA cannot be translated into protein directly. Instead, it must first be transcribed into a positive-sense RNA that acts as an mRNA. Some viruses (Influenza, for example) have negative-sense genomes and so must carry an RNA polymerase inside the virion.

Antisense oligonucleotides

Gene silencing can be achieved by introducing into cells a short "antisense oligonucleotide" that is complementary to an RNA target. This experiment was first done by Zamecnik and Stephenson in 1978^[6] and continues to be a useful approach, both for laboratory experiments and potentially for clinical applications (antisense therapy).^[7]

If the antisense oligonucleotide contains a stretch of DNA or a DNA mimic (phosphorothioate DNA, 2'F-ANA, or others) it can recruit RNase H to degrade the target RNA. This makes the mechanism of gene silencing catalytic. Double-stranded RNA can also act as a catalytic, enzyme-dependent antisense agent through the RNAi/siRNA pathway, involving target mRNA recognition through sense-antisense strand pairing followed by target mRNA degradation by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The R1 plasmid hok/sok system provides yet another example of an enzyme-dependent antisense regulation process through enzymatic degradation of the resulting RNA duplex.

Other antisense mechanisms are not enzyme-dependent, but involve steric blocking of their target RNA (e.g. to prevent translation or induce alternative splicing). Steric blocking antisense mechanisms often use oligonucleotides that are heavily modified. Since there is no need for RNase H recognition, this can include chemistries such as 2'-O-alkyl, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), locked nucleic acid (LNA), and Morpholino oligomers.

References

^ Anne-Lise Haenni (2003). "Expression strategies of ambisense viruses". Virus Research 93 (2): 141–150. doi:10.1016/S0168-1702(03)00094-7. PMID 12782362.
^ Kakutani T; Hayano Y; Hayashi T; Minobe Y. (1991). "Ambisense segment 3 of rice stripe virus: the first instance of a virus containing two ambisense segments". J Gen Virol. 72: 465–8. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-72-2-465. PMID 1993885.
^ Zhu Y; Hayakawa T; Toriyama S; Takahashi M. (1991). "Complete nucleotide sequence of RNA 3 of rice stripe virus: an ambisense coding strategy". J Gen Virol. 72: 763–7. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-72-4-763. PMID 2016591.
^ Cartwright, Reed; Dan Graur (Feb 8, 2011). "The multiple personalities of Watson and Crick strands". Biology Direct 6: 7. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-6-7. PMC 3055211. PMID 21303550.
^ Staff (29 January 2013) FDA approves new orphan drug Kynamro to treat inherited cholesterol disorder U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Retrieved 31 January 2013
^ Zamecnik, P.C.; Stephenson, M.L. (1978). "Inhibition of Rous sarcoma Virus Replication and Cell Transformation by a Specific Oligodeoxynucleotide". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75 (1): 280–284. doi:10.1073/pnas.75.1.280.
^ Watts, J.K.; Corey, D.R. (2012). "Silencing Disease Genes in the Laboratory and in the Clinic". J. Pathol 226 (2): 365–379. doi:10.1002/path.2993.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. グラム陰性桿菌性髄膜炎：疫学、臨床的特徴、および診断 gram negative bacillary meningitis epidemiology clinical features and diagnosis
2. デュシェンヌ型およびベッカー型筋ジストロフィーの臨床的特徴および診断 clinical features and diagnosis of duchenne and becker muscular dystrophy
3. グラム陰性桿菌性髄膜炎の診断および治療 diagnosis and treatment of gram negative bacillary meningitis
4. T-B-NK+ SCID：臨床症状、診断、および治療 t b nk scid clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment
5. 診断的検査の評価 evaluating diagnostic tests

English Journal

Isolation and pathogenicity of the mammalian orthoreovirus MPC/04 from masked civet cats.

Li Z1, Shao Y1, Liu C1, Liu D1, Guo D1, Qiu Z1, Tian J1, Zhang X1, Liu S2, Qu L3.
Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases.Infect Genet Evol.2015 Dec;36:55-61. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.037. Epub 2015 Sep 19.
Mammalian reoviruses (MRVs) are associated with pulmonary infections and have been isolated from humans and various animals experiencing respiratory illness. We report here the first case of an MRV detected in the masked palm civet, which showed the highest similarity to the serotype 3 MRV. Reovirus
PMID 26325682

Requirement for Host RNA-Silencing Components and the Virus-Silencing Suppressor when Second-Site Mutations Compensate for Structural Defects in the 3' Untranslated Region.

Chattopadhyay M1, Stupina VA1, Gao F1, Szarko CR1, Kuhlmann MM1, Yuan X1, Shi K1, Simon AE2.
Journal of virology.J Virol.2015 Nov 15;89(22):11603-18. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01566-15. Epub 2015 Sep 9.
Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) contains a structured 3' region with hairpins and pseudoknots that form a complex network of noncanonical RNA:RNA interactions supporting higher-order structure critical for translation and replication. We investigated several second-site mutations in the p38 coat protein
PMID 26355083

Contribution of DNA Double-strand Break Repair Gene XRCC3 Genotypes to Triple-negative Breast Cancer Risk.

Su CH1, Chang WS1, Hu PS2, Hsiao CL1, Ji HX1, Liao CH3, Yueh TC4, Chuang CL4, Tsai CW5, Hsu CM5, Lane HY6, Bau DT7.
Cancer genomics & proteomics.Cancer Genomics Proteomics.2015 11-12;12(6):359-367.
AIM: The DNA-repair gene X-ray repair cross-complementing group 3 (XRCC3) is important in DNA double-strand break repair and plays a critical part in initiation of carcinogenesis. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most difficult breast cancer subtype with no existing gene-targeting drugs a
PMID 26543082

Japanese Journal

非分節マイナス鎖RNAウイルスの多機能RNAポリメラーゼLタンパク質はユニークなmRNAキャッピング反応を触媒する

荻野朝朗
ウイルス = Virus 64(2), 165-178, 2014-12
NAID 40020390556

Base-paired structure in the 5' untranslated region is required for the efficient amplification of negative-strand RNA3 in the bromovirus melandrium yellow fleck virus.

Narabayashi Taiki,Kaido Masanori,Okuno Tetsuro,Mise Kazuyuki
Virus research 188, 162-169, 2014-08-08
… In vitro translation/replication assays demonstrated that the base-paired structure is important for the efficient amplification of negative-stand RNA3. …
NAID 120005462602

The J6JFH1 Strain of Hepatitis C Virus Infects Human B-Cells with Low Replication Efficacy

Nakai Masato,Seya Tsukasa,Matsumoto Misako,Shimotohno Kunitada,Sakamoto Naoya,Aly Hussein H.
Viral Immunology 27(6), 285-294, 2014-08
… In this article, we found that the recombinant HCV J6JFH1 strain could infect human B-cells isolated from the peripheral blood of normal volunteers by the detection of both HCV-negative-strand RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and NS5A protein. …
NAID 120005468145

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「minus-strand」
拡張検索	「negative-strand」「nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus」「segmented negative-strand RNA virus」
関連記事	「strand」「negative」