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the posterior part of the hindbrain in developing vertebrates; forms the medulla oblongata in adults

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/19 10:25:44」(JST)

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The myelencephalon is the most posterior region of the embryonic hindbrain, from which the medulla oblongata develops.^[1]

Development

Neural tube to Myelencephalon

During fetal development, divisions of the neural tube that give rise to the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) and the other primary vesicles (prosencephalon and mesencephalon) occur at just 28 days after conception. With the exception of the mesencephalon, these primary vesicles undergo further differentiation at 5 weeks after conception to form the myelencephalon and the other secondary vesicles.^[2]

Myelencephalon to medulla

Final shape differentiation of the myelencephalon into the medulla oblongata can be observed at 20 weeks gestation.^[2]

Neural Tube	Primary Vesicles	Secondary Vesicles	Adult Structures
Brain	Prosencephalon	Telencephalon	Rhinencephalon, Amygdala, Hippocampus, Cerebrum(Cortex), Basal Ganglia,Lateral ventricles
	Prosencephalon	Diencephalon	Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Subthalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Third ventricle
	Mesencephalon	Mesencephalon	Tectum, Cerebral peduncle, Pretectum, Cerebral aqueduct
	Rhombencephalon	Metencephalon	Pons, Cerebellum
	Rhombencephalon	Myelencephalon	Medulla Oblongata
Spinal cord

^[3]

Primary and secondary vesicle stages of development^[4]

Medulla oblongata

The medulla oblongata is part of the brain stem that serves as the connection of the spinal cord to the brain. It is situated between the pons and the spinal cord.

Medulla oblongata- animation

Function

The medulla oblongata is responsible for several functions of the autonomic nervous system. These functions include:^[5]

1) Respiration:^[6] monitors the acidity of the blood and sends electrical signals to intercostal muscle tissue to increase their contraction rate in order to oxygenate the blood as needed.

2) Cardiac & Vasomotor Center:^[7] monitors and regulates cardiovascular activities by:

Sympathetic excitation in order to increase cardiac output
Parasympathetic inhibition of cardiac output
Affecting blood pressure via vasodilation and vasoconstriction

3) Reflexes^[6]

Coughing
Sneezing
Swallowing (palatal)
Vomiting
Gagging (pharyngeal)
Jaw jerk (masseter)

Damage/trauma

Because of its location in the brainstem and its many important roles in the autonomic nervous system, damage to the medulla oblongata is usually fatal.

References

^ "Myelencephalon". Segen's Medical Dictionary. 2011. Retrieved 2015-05-05.
^ ^a ^b Carlson, Neil R. Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience.63-65
^ "Neural - Myelencephalon Development - Embryology". embryology.med.unsw.edu.au. Retrieved 2015-05-05.
^ "OpenStax CNX". cnx.org. Retrieved 2015-05-05.
^ Loewy, A. D., & Spyer, K. M. (Eds.). (1990). Central regulation of autonomic functions. Oxford University Press, USA.145-164
^ ^a ^b "Medulla oblongata". 2015-04-05T17:08:40Z. Retrieved 2015-05-05. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "http://www.colorado.edu/MCEN/MCEN4228/index_files/cardio_lecture2.pdf" (PDF). www.colorado.edu. Retrieved 2015-05-05.

English Journal

Effect of coil packing proximal to the dilated segment on postoperative medullary infarction and prognosis following internal trapping for ruptured vertebral artery dissection.

Ikeda H1, Imamura H2, Mineharu Y3, Tani S2, Adachi H2, Sakai C4, Ishikawa T2, Asai K3, Sakai N3.
Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences.Interv Neuroradiol.2016 Feb;22(1):67-75. doi: 10.1177/1591019915609127. Epub 2015 Oct 13.
INTRODUCTION: Medullary infarction is an important complication of internal trapping for vertebral artery dissection. This study investigated risk factors for medullary infarction following internal trapping of ruptured vertebral artery dissection.METHODS: We retrospectively studied 26 patients with
PMID 26464288

Central GPR109A Activation Mediates Glutamate-Dependent Pressor Response in Conscious Rats.

Rezq S1, Abdel-Rahman AA2.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2016 Feb;356(2):456-65. doi: 10.1124/jpet.115.229146. Epub 2015 Nov 30.
G protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) activation by its ligand nicotinic acid (NA) in immune cells increases Ca(2+) levels, and Ca(2+) induces glutamate release and oxidative stress in central blood pressure (BP)-regulating nuclei, for example, the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), leading t
PMID 26621144

Tonically Active cAMP-Dependent Signaling in the Ventrolateral Medulla Regulates Sympathetic and Cardiac Vagal Outflows.

Tallapragada VJ1, Hildreth CM1, Burke PG1, Raley DA1, Hassan SF1, McMullan S1, Goodchild AK2.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2016 Feb;356(2):424-33. doi: 10.1124/jpet.115.227488. Epub 2015 Nov 17.
The ventrolateral medulla contains presympathetic and vagal preganglionic neurons that control vasomotor and cardiac vagal tone, respectively. G protein-coupled receptors influence the activity of these neurons. Gα s activates adenylyl cyclases, which drive cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dep
PMID 26578265

Japanese Journal

Investigation of mRNA Expression for Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 2 (sFRP2) in Chick Embryos

, ,
The Journal of reproduction and development 53(4), 801-810, 2007-08-01
… Signals were expressed in the gray matter of the developing brain coelom, including the optic lobe, metencephalon, myelencephalon, mesencephalon and diencephalon. …
NAID 10020003842

Enzymatic properties of rat myelencephalon-specific protease

BLABER SI
Biochemistry 41, 1165-1173, 2002
NAID 80015367806

Effects of Bromo-Cyclic GMP and Bromo-Cyclic AMP on Embryonic Development of Xenopus laevis(Developmental Biology)

Moroki Yuko,Takeuchi Shigeo,Igarashi Kazuei [他],Hara Hiroshi,Shiokawa Koichiro
Zoological science 17(2), 191-200, 2000-03-10
… When Xenopus gastrulae were cultured in the medium which contained these analogues, their development was affected in specific and dosage-dependent manners : While Br-cAMP induced anomaly only in head part (swelling of myelencephalon with enlarged ventricle), Br-cGMP induced shortening in body length often accompanied by bending of the cephalo-caudal axis. …
NAID 110003371123

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「脳」「大脳」「前脳」「菱脳」「髄脳」

「脳」

Myelencephalon
	Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain. These regions will later differentiate into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain structures
Details
Latin	Myelencephalon
Identifiers
Gray's	p.767
MeSH	A08.186.211.132.810.406
NeuroNames	hier-695
Dorlands; /Elsevier	m_24/12553211
TA	A14.1.03.003
FMA	62004
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

　　[★]

英: brain
ラ: encephalon
関: 大脳、ブロードマン野

発生学

前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	終脳	telencephalon	大脳半球	cerebral hemisphere
前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	間脳	diencephalon	間脳	diencephalon
中脳	mesencephalon midbrain	中脳	mesencephalon	中脳	midbrain
菱脳	rhombencephalon hindbrain	後脳	metencephalon	橋	pons
		後脳	metencephalon	小脳	cerebellum
		髄脳	myelencephalon	延髄	medulla oblongata

解剖

重量：成人の場合体重の2.2%。2-3%ともいわれる。

新生児：約400g、成人：男性約1,350g、女性：約1,250g

脳幹に着目した分類

大脳、小脳、脳幹(中脳・橋・延髄)

発生学

外胚葉

生理学

脳血流量：心拍出量の15%　(心拍出量が5Lとしたら、毎分750ml灌流している事になる)
脳の酸素消費量：全身の消費量の20%
脳のグルコース消費量：全身の消費量の25%。1日100-150g(SCN.3)
血流限界：3分　⇔心臓は10分(see:窒息)

神経内科プリント

	脳での需要量	割合
血液	700～900 ml/分	心拍出量の	約15%
酸素	40～46 ml/分	全身需要量の	約20%
グルコース	310 μmol/分	全身需要量の	約25%

「大脳」

　　[★]

英: cerebrum
関: 脳、ブロードマン野

ブロードマン野

感覚野、運動野

身体各部局在　→

発生学

前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	終脳	telencephalon	大脳半球	cerebral hemisphere
前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	間脳	diencephalon	間脳	diencephalon
中脳	mesencephalon midbrain	中脳	mesencephalon	中脳	midbrain
菱脳	rhombencephalon hindbrain	後脳	metencephalon	橋	pons
		後脳	metencephalon	小脳	cerebellum
		髄脳	myelencephalon	延髄	medulla oblongata

機能障害

	優位半球	劣位半球
	左	右
側頭葉	感覚性失語、Wernicke失語、同名性上1/4半盲
頭頂葉	対側の感覚
	ゲルストマン症候群(手指失認、左右識別障害、失算、失書)	半側空間無視、病態失認、自己身体失認など
前頭葉	対側の運動麻痺、眼球運動(対側への追視)障害、運動性失語、知的及び精神的高次機能障害など
後頭葉	対側の同名半盲、両側後頭葉の障害ではアントン症候群
小脳	筋共同運動障害、運動・平衡障害に関係し、運動失調を呈する。測定異常、反復拮抗運動障害、筋緊張低下、運動過多、歩行異常、異常姿勢、発語障害、眼振など

「前脳」

　　[★]

pros 前方に
英: forebrain, prosencephalon
同: 前脳胞
関: 一次脳胞

図：B.3
前脳胞に由来する
終脳と間脳に分かれる

発生学

前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	終脳	telencephalon	大脳半球	cerebral hemisphere
前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	間脳	diencephalon	間脳	diencephalon
中脳	mesencephalon midbrain	中脳	mesencephalon	中脳	midbrain
菱脳	rhombencephalon hindbrain	後脳	metencephalon	橋	pons
		後脳	metencephalon	小脳	cerebellum
		髄脳	myelencephalon	延髄	medulla oblongata

「菱脳」

　　[★]

英: rhombencephalon (KL), hindbrain
関: 一次脳胞, 脳、脳胞

発生過程における脳胞の呼称
分化して、後脳と髄脳となる。

発生学

前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	終脳	telencephalon	大脳半球	cerebral hemisphere
前脳	prosencephalon forebrain	間脳	diencephalon	間脳	diencephalon
中脳	mesencephalon midbrain	中脳	mesencephalon	中脳	midbrain
菱脳	rhombencephalon hindbrain	後脳	metencephalon	橋	pons
		後脳	metencephalon	小脳	cerebellum
		髄脳	myelencephalon	延髄	medulla oblongata

「髄脳」

　　[★]

myel
英: myelencephalon
関: [[]]

延髄

英: myelencephalon

同: 174

[1] "Myelencephalon". Segen's Medical Dictionary. 2011. Retrieved 2015-05-05.

[:0-2] Carlson, Neil R. Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience.63-65

[3] "Neural - Myelencephalon Development - Embryology". embryology.med.unsw.edu.au. Retrieved 2015-05-05.

[4] "OpenStax CNX". cnx.org. Retrieved 2015-05-05.

[5] Loewy, A. D., & Spyer, K. M. (Eds.). (1990). Central regulation of autonomic functions. Oxford University Press, USA.145-164

[:1-6] "Medulla oblongata". 2015-04-05T17:08:40Z. Retrieved 2015-05-05. Check date values in: |date= (help)

[7] "http://www.colorado.edu/MCEN/MCEN4228/index_files/cardio_lecture2.pdf" (PDF). www.colorado.edu. Retrieved 2015-05-05.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

myelencephalon