WordNet

having two or more nuclei

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/17 03:15:38」(JST)

wiki en

Multinucleate (also multinucleated, polynuclear) cells are eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus per cell, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm. Mitosis in multinucleate cells can occur either in a coordinated, synchronous manner where all nuclei divide simultaneously or asynchronously where individual nuclei divide independently in time and space. The multinucleate stage in the life cycle of some organisms is called plasmodium.

Although not normally viewed as a case of multinucleation, plant cells share a common cytoplasm by plasmodesmata, and most cells in animal tissues are in communication with their neighbors via gap junctions.^[1]

Mechanisms and types

Multinucleate cells, depending on the mechanism they are formed, can be divided into:^[2]^[3]

Syncytia (formed by cell fusion) and
Coenocytes (formed by nuclear division not being followed by cytokinesis).

Examples

Syncytia

Multinucleate cells can occur naturally under physiological conditions by the fusion of the plasma membranes of cells thus forming syncytia. Examples include the cells of the musculoskeletal systems of mammals, the tapetal cells of plants, and the storage cells of Douglas-fir seeds.^[4]

The Chlorarachniophyta form multinucleate cells by fusion, being syncytia and not coenocytes. This syncytia is called plasmodium, in the sense of a multinucleate protoplast without a cell wall which exhibits amoeboid movement.^[5]

Coenocytes

Furthermore, multinucleate cells are produced from specialized cell cycles in which nuclear division occurs without cytokinesis, thus leading to large coenocytes or plasmodia. In filamentous fungi, multinucleate cells may extend over hundreds of meters so that different regions of a single cell experience dramatically different microenvironments. Other examples include, the plasmodia of slime molds and the schizont of the Plasmodium parasite which causes malaria.

Pathological examples

Multinucleated cells can also occur under pathological conditions as the consequence of a disturbed cell cycle control (e.g. binucleated cells and in metastazing tumor cells).

Also in the blood systems of mammals, cells such as neutrophils and eosinophils, are also referred to as polynuclear cells due to their appearance under the microscope.

Multiple nucleoids

The equivalent of multiple nuclei in prokaryotes is multiple nucleoids in bacteria such as in Proteus mirabilis swarmer cells.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26857/
^ Boyd, J. D.; Hamilton, W. J. (1966). "Electron microscopic observations on the cytotrophoblast contribution to the syncytium in the human placenta". Journal of anatomy 100 (Pt 3): 535–548. PMC 1270795. PMID 5965440. edit
^ Read, Nick D.; Roca, Gabriela M. (2006). "Chapter 5: Vegetative Hyphal Fusion in Filamentous Fungi". In Baluška, František; Volkmann, Dieter; Barlow, Peter W. Cell-Cell Channels. Landes Bioscience and Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 87–98. ISBN 978-0-387-36058-4.
^ Von Aderkas, P.; Rouault, G.; Wagner, R.; Chiwocha, S.; Roques, A. (2005). "Multinucleate storage cells in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) and the effect of seed parasitism by the chalcid Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl". Heredity 94 (6): 616–622. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800670. PMID 15829985. edit
^ Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. (1995). Algae An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

This cell biology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 巨細胞（側頭）動脈炎の病因 pathogenesis of giant cell temporal arteritis
2. ビスホスホネートの薬理学 pharmacology of bisphosphonates
3. 好酸球性肉芽腫性多発血管炎(チャーグ・ストラウス症候群）の疫学、病因、および病理 epidemiology pathogenesis and pathology of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis churg strauss
4. 軟組織および骨に影響を与えるさまざまな良性疾患に対する抗腫瘍療法 antineoplastic therapy for miscellaneous benign diseases affecting soft tissue and bone
5. 気管支中心性肉芽腫症 bronchocentric granulomatosis

English Journal

Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 15 (Siglec-15) mediates periarticular bone loss, but not joint destruction, in murine antigen-induced arthritis.

Shimizu T1, Takahata M2, Kameda Y1, Endo T1, Hamano H1, Hiratsuka S1, Ota M1, Iwasaki N1.
Bone.Bone.2015 Oct;79:65-70. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.029. Epub 2015 May 28.
Osteoclastogenesis requires immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif signaling. Multiple immunoreceptors associated with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif adaptor proteins, including DNAX-activating protein 12kDa (DAP12) and Fc receptor common γ (FcRγ), have been identified in o
PMID 26027508

Osteoclast fusion is initiated by a small subset of RANKL-stimulated monocyte progenitors, which can fuse to RANKL-unstimulated progenitors.

Levaot N1, Ottolenghi A2, Mann M3, Guterman-Ram G2, Kam Z4, Geiger B5.
Bone.Bone.2015 Oct;79:21-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.021. Epub 2015 May 22.
Osteoclasts are multinucleated, bone-resorbing cells formed via fusion of monocyte progenitors, a process triggered by prolonged stimulation with RANKL, the osteoclast master regulator cytokine. Monocyte fusion into osteoclasts has been shown to play a key role in bone remodeling and homeostasis; th
PMID 26008608

5-Fluoruracil blocked giant cell tumor progression by suppressing osteoclastogenesis through NF-kappaB signals and blocking angiogenesis.

Song D1, Meng T1, Xu W1, Hou T1, Lin Z1, Yin H1, Li B1, Zhou L1, Wang T1, Han S1, Fan T1, Miao W1, Liu M2, Luo J2, Zhou W3, Li Z4, Xiao J5.
Bone.Bone.2015 Sep;78:46-54. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.04.047. Epub 2015 May 5.
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a bone destroying tumor comprised of spindle-like stromal cells and monocytes of myeloid lineage that are differentiated into osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells. Nuclear factor-Kappa B (NF-κB) has been identified to be essential for GCT progression. Herein
PMID 25956534

Japanese Journal

豚サーコウイルス関連疾病の豚にみられた多核巨細胞を伴う非化膿性髄膜脳炎の3例 (日本獣医師会学会学術誌) -- (産業動物臨床・家畜衛生関連部門)

村山丹穂,楠原徹,井野壽麿 [他]
日本獣医師会雑誌 = Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 67(6), 413-418, 2014-06
NAID 40020122493

ミニチュア・ダックスフンドの炎症性結直腸ポリープの細胞学的特徴と多核巨細胞の診断的意義 (日本獣医師会学会学術誌) -- (小動物臨床関連部門)

井上紗季,酒井洋樹,米丸加余子 [他]
日本獣医師会雑誌 = Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 67(3), 193-198, 2014-03
NAID 40020015587

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Inhibits Differentiation and Matrix Metalloproteinases Expression in Osteoclasts

IRIE Yuko,IWAI Shinichi,AMANO Hitoshi,RYU Kakei,EMORI Haruka,KAWAKAMI Tomoko,KOCHIDAIRA Hidehiro,KOBAYASHI Yoshito,OGUCHI Katsuji
The Showa University Journal of Medical Sciences 26(1), 63-74, 2014
… The osteoclast is a multinucleated giant cell differentiated from monocyte macrophages that has an important role in bone resorption. …
NAID 130004691846

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「multinuclear」「多核」「多核性」「polykaryotic」「polynuclear」
拡張検索	「multinucleated giant cell」「multinucleated cell」