WordNet

people descended from a common ancestor; "his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower" (同)family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry
primary social group; parents and children; "he wanted to have a good job before starting a family" (同)family unit
an association of people who share common beliefs or activities; "the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family"; "the church welcomed new members into its fellowship" (同)fellowship
a social unit living together; "he moved his family to Virginia"; "It was a good Christian household"; "I waited until the whole house was asleep"; "the teacher asked how many people made up his home" (同)household, house, home, menage
(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera; "sharks belong to the fish family"

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《集合的に》『家族』,家庭 / 〈U〉《時にa family》(一家の)子供たち / 〈C〉(血縁に関係ある)『親族』,身内,一族,一門 / 〈U〉『家柄』;(特に)名門 / 〈C〉(関係ある人・物の)一団,一群,(生物分類の)科《+『of』+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/03/07 15:39:07」(JST)

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A gene family is a set of several similar genes, formed by duplication of a single original gene, and generally with similar biochemical functions. One such family are the genes for human haemoglobin subunits; the ten genes are in two clusters on different chromosomes, called the α-globin and β-globin loci.

Genes are categorized into families based on shared nucleotide or protein sequences. Phylogenetic techniques can be used as a more rigorous test. The positions of exons within the coding sequence can be used to infer common ancestry. Knowing the sequence of the protein encoded by a gene can allow researchers to apply methods that find similarities among protein sequences that provide more information than similarities or differences among DNA sequences. Furthermore, knowledge of the protein's secondary structure gives further information about ancestry, since the organization of secondary structural elements presumably would be conserved even if the amino acid sequence changes considerably.^{[citation needed]} These methods often rely upon predictions based upon the DNA sequence.

If the genes of a gene family encode proteins, the term protein family is often used in an analogous manner to gene family.

The expansion or contraction of gene families along a specific lineage can be due to chance, or can be the result of natural selection.^[1] To distinguish between these two cases is often difficult in practice. Recent work uses a combination of statistical models and algorithmic techniques to detect gene families that are under the effect of natural selection.^[2]

References

^ Hartl, D.L. and Clark A.G. 2007. Principles of population genetics. Chapter 7, page 372.
^ The Evolution of Mammalian Gene Families

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 遺伝性乳癌・卵巣癌症候群の遺伝カウンセリングおよび遺伝子検査 genetic counseling and testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
2. 遺伝性びまん性胃癌に対する外科的マネージメント surgical management of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer
3. Genetic testing
4. 遺伝性のびまん性胃癌 hereditary diffuse gastric cancer
5. 遺伝性乳癌・卵巣癌症候群の概要 overview of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes

English Journal

Molecular and functional characterization of a Schistosoma bovis annexin: Fibrinolytic and anticoagulant activity.

de la Torre-Escudero E, Manzano-Román R, Siles-Lucas M, Pérez-Sánchez R, Moyano JC, Barrera I, Oleaga A.SourceParasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
Veterinary parasitology.Vet Parasitol.2012 Feb 28;184(1):25-36. Epub 2011 Aug 16.
Annexins belong to an evolutionarily conserved multigene family of proteins expressed throughout the animal and plant kingdoms. Although they are soluble cytosolic proteins that lack signal sequences, they have also been detected in extracellular fluids and have been associated with cell surface mem
PMID 21889851

FinTRIMs, fish virus-inducible proteins with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.

van der Aa LM, Jouneau L, Laplantine E, Bouchez O, Van Kemenade L, Boudinot P.SourceVirologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2012 Feb;36(2):433-41. Epub 2011 Aug 28.
TRIM proteins have recently emerged as novel players in antiviral defense. TRIM proteins contain a tri-partite motif, composed of a RING zinc finger, one or two B-boxes and a coiled-coil domain. Many members of this large protein family of E3 ubiquitin ligases catalyze the attachment of ubiquitin to
PMID 21907235

Ribosomal and protein coding gene based multigene phylogeny on the family Streptomycetaceae.

Han JH, Cho MH, Kim SB.SourceDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
Systematic and applied microbiology.Syst Appl Microbiol.2012 Feb;35(1):1-6. Epub 2011 Dec 7.
The phylogenetic relationship among the three genera of the family Streptomycetaceae was examined using the small and large subunit ribosomal RNA genes, and the gyrB, rpoB, trpB, atpD and recA genes. The total stretches of the analyzed ribosomal genes were 4.2kb, and those of five protein coding gen
PMID 22154623

Japanese Journal

Regulation of insulin biosynthesis in non-beta cells by a heat shock promoter(GENETICS, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, AND GENE ENGINEERING)

Jajarmi Vahid,Bandehpour Mojgan,Kazemi Bahram
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 116(2), 147-151, 2013-08
… In this study, we hypothesize that this control may be achieved via a promoter derived from the heat shock multigene family, Hsp70 A1A, which is inducible at 42℃. …
NAID 110009657193

Effects of Nitrogen on the Expression of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Small Subunit Multigene Family Members in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Miyazaki Nobuo,Ueno Osamu,Saitou Kazuyuki
Plant Production Science 16(1), 37-40, 2013
Five ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit genes identified in the rice (Oryza sativa) genome are designated as OsRBCS1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. OsRBCS1 transcripts were not detectable. …
NAID 130004462295

Expression of connexins and the effect of retinoic acid in oral keratinocytes

Hatakeyama Setsuko,Mikami Toshinari,Habano Wataru,Takeda Yasunori
Journal of Oral Science 53(3), 327-332, 2011
… Differential expression of members of the connexin (Cx) gap junction multigene family permits formation of gap junctions with the varied physiological properties required by different tissues. …
NAID 130001170659