WordNet

make or wage war
a legal state created by a declaration of war and ended by official declaration during which the international rules of war apply; "war was declared in November but actual fighting did not begin until the following spring" (同)state of war
an active struggle between competing entities; "a price war"; "a war of wits"; "diplomatic warfare" (同)warfare
the waging of armed conflict against an enemy; "thousands of people were killed in the war" (同)warfare
a concerted campaign to end something that is injurious; "the war on poverty"; "the war against crime"
viral disease in solanaceous plants (tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco) resulting in mottling and often shriveling of the leaves
arrangement of aerial photographs forming a composite picture (同)arial mosaic, photomosaic
art consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass
transducer formed by the light-sensitive surface on a television camera tube
a pattern resembling a mosaic
an imperfection in someone or something that is suggestive of a wart (especially in smallness or unattractiveness)
any small rounded protuberance (as on certain plants or animals)
(pathology) a firm abnormal elevated blemish on the skin; caused by a virus (同)verruca
of or relating to Moses or the laws and writings attributed to him; "Mosaic Law"
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PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『戦争』,戦争状態;交戦期間;〈C〉(個々の)戦争 / 〈U〉(ある特定の目的のための)『争い』,戦い,闘争;〈C〉(個々の)争い / (…と)戦争をする,戦う,争う《+with(against)+名》
〈U〉モザイク(ガラス・木材・石などを組み合わせて図案化したもの) / 〈C〉《単数形で》モザイク画;モザイク模様
いぼ / (木の)こぶ
モーセ(Moses)の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/10/11 10:50:42」(JST)

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Warts are typically small, rough, and hard growths that are similar in color to the rest of the skin.^[1]^[3] They typically do not result in other symptoms, except when on the bottom of the feet where they may be painful.^[3] While they usually occur on the hands and feet they can also affect other locations.^[1] One or many warts may appear.^[3] They are not cancerous.^[3]

Warts are caused by infection with a type of human papillomavirus (HPV).^[1] Factors that increase the risk include use of public showers, working with meat, eczema, and a low immune system.^[1]^[3] The virus is believed to enter the body through skin that has been damaged slightly.^[1] A number of types exist, including common warts, plantar warts, filiform warts, and genital warts.^[3] Genital warts are often sexually transmitted.^[5]

Without treatment, most types of warts resolve in months to years.^[1] A number of treatments may speed resolution including salicylic acid applied to the skin and cryotherapy.^[1] In those who are otherwise healthy they do not typically result in significant problems.^[1] Treatment of genital warts differs from that of other types.^[3]

Warts are very common, with most people being infected at some point in their lives.^[2] The estimated current rate of non-genital warts among the general population is 1–13%.^[1] They are more common among young people.^[1] Estimated rates of genital warts in sexually active women is 12%.^[5] Warts have been described at least as far back as 400 BC by Hippocrates.^[4]

Types

A filiform wart on the eyelid.

A range of types of wart have been identified, varying in shape and site affected, as well as the type of human papillomavirus involved.^[6]^[7] These include:

Common wart (Verruca vulgaris), a raised wart with roughened surface, most common on hands, but can grow anywhere on the body. Sometimes known as a Palmer wart or Junior wart.
Flat wart (Verruca plana), a small, smooth flattened wart, flesh-coloured, which can occur in large numbers; most common on the face, neck, hands, wrists and knees.
Filiform or digitate wart, a thread- or finger-like wart, most common on the face, especially near the eyelids and lips.
Genital wart (venereal wart, Condyloma acuminatum, Verruca acuminata), a wart that occurs on the genitalia.
Periungual wart, a cauliflower-like cluster of warts that occurs around the nails.
Plantar wart (verruca, Verruca plantaris), a hard, sometimes painful lump, often with multiple black specks in the center; usually only found on pressure points on the soles of the feet.
- Mosaic wart, a group of tightly clustered plantar-type warts, commonly on the hands or soles of the feet.

Cause

Micrograph of a common wart (verruca vulgaris) showing the characteristic features (hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, hypergranulosis, rete ridge elongation, and large blood vessels at the dermoepidermal junction, H&E stain)

Warts are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). There are about 130 known types of human papilloma viruses.^[8] HPV infects the squamous epithelium, usually of the skin or genitals, but each HPV type is typically only able to infect a few specific areas on the body. Many HPV types can produce a benign growth, often called a "wart" or "papilloma", in the area they infect. Many of the more common HPV and wart types are listed below.

Common warts – HPV types 2 and 4 (most common); also types 1, 3, 26, 29, and 57 and others.
Cancers and genital dysplasia – "high-risk" HPV types are associated with cancers, notably cervical cancer, and can also cause some vulvar, vaginal,^[9] penile, anal^[10] and some oropharyngeal cancers. "Low-risk" types are associated with warts or other conditions.^[11]^[12]

High-risk: 16, 18 (cause the most cervical cancer); also 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 52, 58, 59, and others.

Plantar warts (verruca) – HPV type 1 (most common); also types 2, 3, 4, 27, 28, and 58^{[citation needed]} and others.
Anogenital warts (condylomata acuminata or venereal warts) – HPV types 6 and 11 (most common); also types 42, 44 and others.^[13]

Low-risk: 6, 11 (most common); also 13, 44, 40, 43, 42, 54, 61, 72, 81, 89, and others.

Verruca plana (flat warts) – HPV types 3, 10, and 28.
Butcher's warts – HPV type 7.
Heck's disease (focal epithelial hyperplasia) – HPV types 13 and 32.

Pathophysiology

Common warts have a characteristic appearance under the microscope. They have thickening of the stratum corneum (hyperkeratosis), thickening of the stratum spinosum (acanthosis), thickening of the stratum granulosum, rete ridge elongation, and large blood vessels at the dermoepidermal junction.

Prevention

Gardasil 6 is an HPV vaccine aimed at preventing cervical cancers and genital warts. Gardasil is designed to prevent infection with HPV types 16, 18, 6, and 11. HPV types 16 and 18 currently cause about 70% of cervical cancer cases,^[11]^[12] and also cause some vulvar, vaginal,^[9] penile and anal cancers.^[10] HPV types 6 and 11 are responsible for 90% of documented cases of genital warts.^[14]

Gardasil 9, approved in 2014 protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58.^[15]

HPV vaccines do not currently protect against the virus strains responsible for plantar warts (verrucas).

Disinfection

The virus is relatively hardy and immune to many common disinfectants. Exposure to 90% ethanol for at least 1 minute, 2% glutaraldehyde, 30% Savlon, and/or 1% sodium hypochlorite can disinfect the pathogen.^[16]

The virus is resistant to drying and heat, but killed by 100 °C (212 °F) and ultraviolet radiation.^[16]

Treatment

There are many treatments and procedures associated with wart removal.^[17] A review of clinical trials of various cutaneous wart treatments concluded that topical treatments containing salicylic acid were more effective than placebo.^[18] Cryotherapy appears to be as effective as salicylic acid, but there have been fewer trials.^[18]

Medication

Two viral warts on a middle finger, being treated with a mixture of acids (like salicylic acid) to remove them. A white precipitate forms on the area where the product was applied.

This image shows throat warts (papillomas) before treatment and during the treatment process. Left to right: warts prior to treatment, warts on day of silver nitrate treatment, warts two days after treatment, warts four days after treatment, warts six days after treatment, and warts remaining nine days after treatment.

Throat warts before and after carbon dioxide laser treatment.

Salicylic acid can be prescribed by a dermatologist in a higher concentration than that found in over-the-counter products. Several over-the-counter products are readily available at pharmacies and supermarkets of roughly two types: adhesive pads treated with salicylic acid, and bottled concentrated salicylic acid solution.
Imiquimod is a topical cream that helps the body's immune system fight the wart virus by encouraging interferon production. It has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for genital warts.^[19]
Cantharidin, found naturally in the bodies of many members of the beetle family Meloidae, causes dermal blistering. It is used either by itself or compounded with podophyllin. Not FDA approved, but available through Canada or select US compounding pharmacies.
Bleomycin is not US FDA approved and can cause necrosis of digits and Raynaud syndrome.^[20]^[21] The usual treatment is one or two injections.
Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), like salicylic acid, is applied directly to the wart. Studies show this method is effective with a cure rate of 80%.^{[medical citation needed]} But DNCB must be used much more cautiously than salicylic acid; the chemical is known to cause genetic mutations, so it must be administered by a physician. This drug induces an allergic immune response resulting in inflammation that wards off the wart-causing virus.^[22]
Cidofovir is an antiviral drug which is injected into HPV lesions within the larynx (laryngeal papillomatosis) as an experimental treatment.^[23]
Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is effective in the treatment of flat warts.^{[medical citation needed]}

Another product available over-the-counter that can aid in wart removal is silver nitrate in the form of a caustic pencil, which is also available at drug stores. In a placebo-controlled study of 70 patients, silver nitrate given over nine days resulted in clearance of all warts in 43% and improvement in warts in 26% one month after treatment compared to 11% and 14%, respectively, in the placebo group.^[24] The instructions must be followed to minimize staining of skin and clothing. Occasionally pigmented scars may develop.

Several randomized, controlled trials have found that zinc sulfate, consumed orally, often reduces or eliminates warts.^[25]^[26]^[27] The zinc sulfate dosage used in medical trials for treatment of warts was between 5 and 10 mg/kg/day. For elemental zinc, a lower dosage of 2.5 mg/kg/day may be appropriate as large amounts of zinc may cause a copper deficiency.^[25] Other trials have found that topical zinc sulfate solution^[28] or zinc oxide^[29] are also effective.

A 2014 study indicates that lopinavir is effective against the human papilloma virus (HPV). The study used the equivalent of one tablet twice a day applied topically to the cervices of women with high-grade and low-grade precancerous conditions. After three months of treatment, 82.6% of the women who had high-grade disease had normal cervical conditions, confirmed by smears and biopsies.^[30]

Studies of fat-soluble garlic extracts have shown clearing in greater than 90% of cases. The extract is applied twice daily and covered with an adhesive bandage. Improvements show within 2–4 weeks and total clearing in an average of 6–9 weeks.^[31]^[32]^[33]

Procedures

Liquid nitrogen spray tank

Keratolysis, of dead surface skin cells usually using salicylic acid, blistering agents, immune system modifiers ("immunomodulators"), or formaldehyde, often with mechanical paring of the wart with a pumice stone, blade etc.^[34]
Electrodesiccation^[35]
Cryosurgery or cryotherapy, which involves freezing the wart (generally with liquid nitrogen),^[36] creating a blister between the wart and epidermal layer after which the wart and the surrounding dead skin fall off. An average of 3 to 4 treatments are required for warts on thin skin. Warts on calloused skin like plantar warts might take dozens or more treatments.^[20]
Surgical curettage of the wart
Laser treatment – often with a pulse dye laser or carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser. Pulse dye lasers (wavelength 582 nm) work by selective absorption by blood cells (specifically hemoglobin). CO₂ lasers work by selective absorption by water molecules. Pulse dye lasers are less destructive and more likely to heal without scarring. CO₂ laser works by vaporizing and destroying tissue and skin. Laser treatments can be painful, expensive (though covered by many insurance plans), and not extensively scarring when used appropriately. CO₂ lasers will require local anaesthetic. Pulse dye laser treatment does not need conscious sedation or local anesthetic. It takes 2 to 4 treatments but can be many more for extreme cases. Typically, 10–14 days are required between treatments. Preventative measures are important.^[20]
Infrared coagulator – an intense source of infrared light in a small beam like a laser. This works essentially on the same principle as laser treatment. It is less expensive. Like the laser, it can cause blistering pain and scarring.^[37]
Intralesional immunotherapy appears safe and effective.^[38]
Duct tape occlusion therapy involves placing a piece of duct tape over the wart. The mechanism of action of this technique still remains unknown. Despite several clinical trials, evidence for the efficacy of duct tape therapy is inconclusive.^[39] Despite the mixed evidence for efficacy, the simplicity of the method and its limited side-effects leads some researchers to be reluctant to dismiss it.^[40]

Society and culture

Despite their appearance, toads do not cause warts

According to English folk belief, touching toads causes warts; according to a German belief, touching a toad under a full moon cures warts.^[41] The most common Northern Hemisphere toads have glands that protrude from their skin that superficially resemble warts. Warts are caused by a virus, and toads do not harbor it.^[42] A variety of traditional folk remedies and rituals claim to be able to remove warts.

The acrid yellow sap of Greater Celandine is used as a traditional wart remedy.^[43] The sap can be applied directly to the wart in a similar manner to concentrated salicylic acid solution, but in more modest quantities.

In The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Mark Twain has his characters discuss a variety of such remedies. Tom Sawyer proposes "spunk-water" (or "stump-water", the water collecting in the hollow of a tree stump) as a remedy for warts on the hand. You put your hand into the water at midnight and say:

Barley-corn, barley-corn, injun-meal shorts,
Spunk-water, spunk-water, swaller these warts

You then "walk away quick, eleven steps, with your eyes shut, and then turn around three times and walk home without speaking to anybody. Because if you speak the charm's busted." This is held to be superior to Huckleberry Finn's preferred remedy which involved throwing a dead cat into a graveyard. Another remedy involved splitting a bean, drawing blood from the wart and putting it on one of the halves, and burying that half at a crossroads at midnight. The theory of operation is that the blood on the buried bean will draw away the wart.^[44] Twain is recognized as an early collector and recorder of genuine American folklore.^[45]

Similar practices are recorded elsewhere. In Louisiana, one remedy for warts involves rubbing the wart with a potato, which is then buried; when the "buried potato dries up, the wart will be cured".^[46] Another remedy similar to Twain's is reported from Northern Ireland, where water from a specific well on Rathlin Island is credited with the power to cure warts.^[47]

Other animals

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Loo, SK; Tang, WY (12 June 2014). "Warts (non-genital)". BMJ clinical evidence. 2014. PMC 4054795. PMID 24921240.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Papillomas (Warts) – National Library of Medicine". PubMed Health. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Warts: Overview". U.S. National Library of Medicine. 30 July 2014. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
^ ^a ^b Bope, Edward T.; Kellerman, Rick D. (2012). Conn's Current Therapy 2012. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 275. ISBN 1455733059. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07.
^ ^a ^b W Buck, Henry (13 August 2010). "Warts (genital)". BMJ clinical evidence. 2010. PMC 3217761. PMID 21418685.
^ Anderson, Keith; Keith, Jeff; Novak, Patricia D.; Elliot, Michelle A. (2005). Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary (5th ed.). C.V. Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-03736-5. Archived from the original on 2017-01-07.
^ "MedlinePlus: Warts". 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-05-16.
^ De Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, Zur Hausen H (Jun 2004). "Classification of papillomaviruses". Virology. 324 (1): 17–27. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033. PMID 15183049.
^ ^a ^b "FDA Approves Expanded Uses for Gardasil to Include Preventing Certain Vulvar and Vaginal Cancers". FDA. 2008-09-12. Archived from the original on 2010-03-06.
^ ^a ^b Cortez, Michelle Fay; Pettypiece, Shannon (2008-11-13). "Merck Cancer Shot Cuts Genital Warts, Lesions in Men". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
^ ^a ^b Lowy DR, Schiller JT (2006). "Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines". J. Clin. Invest. 116 (5): 1167–73. doi:10.1172/JCI28607. PMC 1451224. PMID 16670757.
^ ^a ^b Muñoz N, Bosch FX, Castellsagué X, Díaz M, de Sanjose S, Hammouda D, Shah KV, Meijer CJ (2004-08-20). "Against which human papillomavirus types shall we vaccinate and screen? The international perspective". Int J Cancer. 111 (2): 278–85. doi:10.1002/ijc.20244. PMID 15197783.
^ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Mitchell, Richard (2007). "Chapter 19 The Female Genital System and Breast". Robbins Basic Pathology (8 ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7.
^ Steinbrook, Robert (2006). "The Potential of Human Papillomavirus Vaccines". New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (11): 1109–12. doi:10.1056/NEJMp058305. PMID 16540608.
^ "Prescribing information Gardasil 9" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-10.
^ ^a ^b Human Papillomavirus Archived 2015-08-23 at the Wayback Machine.. Public Health Agency of Canada
^ Lipke MM (2006). "An armamentarium of wart treatments". Clin Med Res. 4 (4): 273–93. doi:10.3121/cmr.4.4.273. PMC 1764803. PMID 17210977.
^ ^a ^b Kwok CS, Gibbs S, Bennett C, Holland R, Abbott R (Sep 12, 2012). Gibbs S, ed. "Topical treatments for cutaneous warts". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9): CD001781. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001781.pub3. PMID 22972052. Archived from the original on 2013-07-04.
^ Barclay L (2011-06-04). "Short-Acting Imiquimod Cream Approved for Genital Warts". Medscape. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bacelieri R, Johnson SM (2005). "Cutaneous warts: An evidence-based approach to therapy". American Family Physician. 72 (4): 647–52. PMID 16127954. Archived from the original on 2014-04-21.
^ Champion, R.H., et al. (1998) Rook's Textbook of Dermatology. Blackwell Science, p. 1044, ISBN 0-632-06429-3
^ "Treating Warts". British Medical Journal. 2002-08-31. Archived from the original on 2010-11-03. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
^ Soma, Marlene A; Albert, David M (2008). "Cidofovir: to use or not to use?". Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery. 16 (1): 86–90. doi:10.1097/MOO.0b013e3282f43408. PMID 18197029.
^ Sterling JC, Handfield-Jones S, Hudson PM (2001). "Guidelines for the management of cutaneous warts" (PDF). British Journal of Dermatology. 144 (1): 4–11. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04066.x. PMID 11167676. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-08.
^ ^a ^b Stefani M, Bottino G, Fontenelle E, Azulay DR (2009). "Efficacy comparison between cimetidine and zinc sulphate in the treatment of multiple and recalcitrant warts". An Bras Dermatol. 84 (1): 23–29. PMID 19377755. Archived from the original on 2011-11-26.
^ Yaghoobi R, Sadighha A, Baktash D (April 2009). "Evaluation of oral zinc sulfate effect on recalcitrant multiple viral warts: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 60 (4): 706–08. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.010. PMID 19293025.
^ Al-Gurairi FT, Al-Waiz M, Sharquie KE (March 2002). "Oral zinc sulphate in the treatment of recalcitrant viral warts: randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial". Br. J. Dermatol. 146 (3): 423–31. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04617.x. PMID 11952542.
^ Sharquie KE, Khorsheed AA, Al-Nuaimy AA (September 2007). "Topical zinc sulphate solution for treatment of viral warts". Saudi Med J. 28 (9): 1418–21. PMID 17768472.
^ Khattar JA, Musharrafieh UM, Tamim H, Hamadeh GN (April 2007). "Topical zinc oxide vs. salicylic acid-lactic acid combination in the treatment of warts". Int. J. Dermatol. 46 (4): 427–30. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.03138.x. PMID 17442091.
^ HIV drug used to reverse effects of virus that causes cervical cancer Archived 2014-03-22 at the Wayback Machine. University of Manchester, 17 February 2014.
^ Dehghani F.; Merat A.; Panjehshahin M. R.; Handjani F. (2005). "Healing effect of garlic extract on warts and corns". International Journal of Dermatology. 44 (7): 612–15. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02348.x. PMID 15985039.
^ Kenawy S.; Mohammed G. F.; Younes S.; Elakhras A. I. (2014). "Evaluation of TNF-α serum level in patients with recalcitrant multiple common warts, treated by lipid garlic extract". Dermatologic Therapy. 27 (5): 272–77. doi:10.1111/dth.12136.
^ Silverberg N. B. (2002). "Garlic Cloves for Verruca Vulgaris". Pediatric Dermatology. 19 (2): 183. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2002.00038.x.
^ Warts Archived 2008-05-17 at the Wayback Machine. at About.com
^ Stone KM, Becker TM, Hadgu A, Kraus SJ (1990). "Treatment of external genital warts: A randomised clinical trial comparing podophyllin, cryotherapy, and electrodesiccation". Genitourinary medicine. 66 (1): 16–19. doi:10.1136/sti.66.1.16. PMC 1194434. PMID 2179111.
^ "Cryotherapy for Warts". WebMD. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09.
^ Halasz CL (1994). "Treatment of common warts using the infrared coagulator". The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology. 20 (4): 252–56. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.1994.tb01620.x. PMID 8163746.
^ Aldahan, AS; Mlacker, S; Shah, VV; Kamath, P; Alsaidan, M; Samarkandy, S; Nouri, K (May 2016). "Efficacy of intralesional immunotherapy for the treatment of warts: A review of the literature". Dermatologic therapy. 29 (3): 197–207. doi:10.1111/dth.12352. PMID 26991521.
^ Kwok CS; Gibbs S; Bennett C; Holland R; Abbott R (12 Sep 2012). "Topical treatments for cutaneous warts". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 9 (9): CD001781. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001781.pub3. PMID 22972052.
^ Stubbings A, Wacogne I (September 2011). "Question 3. What is the efficacy of duct tape as a treatment for verruca vulgaris?". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 96 (9): 897–99. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2011-300533. PMID 21836182.
^ Ley, Willy (December 1963). "The Names of the Constellations". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 90–99.
^ Clark, Josh. "Do toads cause warts?". science.howstuffworks.com. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
^ Greater Celandine For Warts Archived 2014-07-17 at the Wayback Machine.. botanical-online.com
^ Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, ch. 6
^ LeMaster, J. R. (1993) The Mark Twain Encyclopedia (Taylor and Francis, pp. 293–94 Archived 2017-01-07 at the Wayback Machine., ISBN 0-8240-7212-X.
^ Webb, Julie Yvonne (1971). "Louisiana Voodoo and Superstitions Relating to Health". HSMHA Health Reports. 86 (4): 291, 296–97. doi:10.2307/4594154. JSTOR 4594154. PMC 1937133. PMID 4324337.
^ Ballard LM (2009). "An approach to traditional cures in Ulster". The Ulster medical journal. 78 (1): 26–33. PMC 2629017. PMID 19252727.

External links

Wart photo library, Dermnet

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 皮膚疣贅 cutaneous warts
2. 色素沈着過剰を有する患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with hyperpigmentation disorders
3. 皮膚の良性病変の概要 overview of benign lesions of the skin
4. 活動的な小児または骨格発達の未成熟な思春期における踵痛：原因の概要 heel pain in the active child or skeletally immature adolescent overview of causes
5. 肺の高分解能CT high resolution computed tomography of the lungs

English Journal

[What's new in pediatric dermatology?]

Chiaverini C1.
Annales de dermatologie et de venereologie.Ann Dermatol Venereol.2017 Dec;144 Suppl 4:IVS29-IVS39. doi: 10.1016/S0151-9638(17)31063-3.
PMID 29249250

Treatment of Athlete's Plantar Warts Using a Botanical Blend: A Case Report.

Nelson EO, Kozin AF, Ruiz G, Lasku A, Langland JO.
Alternative therapies in health and medicine.Altern Ther Health Med.2017 May;23(3):51-54. Epub 2017 Feb 27.
Context • Viral plantar warts, or verruca plantaris, are a benign epithelial tumor caused by various strains of the human papilloma virus (HPV). Current treatments have had mixed degrees of success, are moderately invasive, and are often incompatible with participation in sports. Objective • The
PMID 28236614

Clinicoepidemiological Study of Different Types of Warts.

Ghadgepatil SS1, Gupta S1, Sharma YK1.
Dermatology research and practice.Dermatol Res Pract.2016;2016:7989817. doi: 10.1155/2016/7989817. Epub 2016 Mar 7.
PMID 27047542

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

関連記事	「war」「mosaic」

「war」

Classification	D ICD-10: B07; ICD-9-CM: 078.1; DiseasesDB: 28410;
External resources	MedlinePlus: 000885; eMedicine: emerg/641; Patient UK: Wart;

Warts
Synonyms	Verruca, papillomas
	A large number of warts on the big toe
Specialty	Dermatology
Symptoms	Painless, small, rough skin growth
Duration	Months to years
Causes	Human papillomavirus
Risk factors	Public showers, eczema
Differential diagnosis	Callus, seborrheic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma
Treatment	Salicylic acid, cryotherapy
Frequency	Very common

　　[★]

戦争、戦い

関: combat、warfare

「mosaic」

　　[★]

n.

モザイク、寄せ集め

[Loo2014-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Loo, SK; Tang, WY (12 June 2014). "Warts (non-genital)". BMJ clinical evidence. 2014. PMC 4054795. PMID 24921240.

[PubMed2016-2] "Papillomas (Warts) – National Library of Medicine". PubMed Health. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2016-11-06.

[IQ2014-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Warts: Overview". U.S. National Library of Medicine. 30 July 2014. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.

[Bo2012-4] Bope, Edward T.; Kellerman, Rick D. (2012). Conn's Current Therapy 2012. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 275. ISBN 1455733059. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07.

[Hen2010-5] W Buck, Henry (13 August 2010). "Warts (genital)". BMJ clinical evidence. 2010. PMC 3217761. PMID 21418685.

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