WordNet
- certainty based on an inner conviction; "she believed in the importance of moral absolutes and moral certainty"; "the prosecutor had a moral certainty that the prisoner was guilty"
- established beyond doubt or question; definitely known; "what is certain is that every effect must have a cause"; "it is certain that they were on the bus"; "his fate is certain"; "the date for the invasion is certain"
- certain to occur; destined or inevitable; "he was certain to fail"; "his fate is certain"; "In this life nothing is certain but death and taxes"- Benjamin Franklin; "he faced certain death"; "sudden but sure regret"; "he is sure to win" (同)sure
- exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance; "be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through"; "be sure to lock the doors" (同)sure
- having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured; "felt certain of success"; "was sure (or certain) she had seen it"; "was very sure in his beliefs"; "sure of her friends" (同)sure
- reliable in operation or effect; "a quick and certain remedy"; "a sure way to distinguish the two"; "wood dust is a sure sign of termites" (同)sure
- definite but not specified or identified; "set aside a certain sum each week"; "to a certain degree"; "certain breeds do not make good pets"; "certain members have not paid their dues"; "a certain popular teacher"; "a certain Mrs. Jones"
- psychological rather than physical or tangible in effect; "a moral victory"; "moral support"
- the significance of a story or event; "the moral of the story is to love thy neighbor" (同)lesson
- concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles; "moral sense"; "a moral scrutiny"; "a moral lesson"; "a moral quandary"; "moral convictions"; "a moral life"
- something that is certain; "his victory is a certainty" (同)sure_thing, foregone_conclusion
- the state of being certain; "his certainty reassured the others"
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 《補語にのみ用いて》(主語となる人が)『碓信している』,信じて疑わない / (事が)『碓かな』,疑いのない(sure) / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》ある一定の / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(ある程度わかっているがそれ以上ははっきりしない)『ある』…,例の… / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》いくぶんかの,多少の,ある程度の / (…のうちの)ある人々(もの),いくつか《+『of』++『名』》
- 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(人・行為などが)『道徳的な』,道徳を守る;(人が)善悪の区別がつく / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『倫理』(『道徳』)『上の』,道徳の(ethical) / 『教訓的な』,道徳を教うる / 精神的な / (物語・でき事などに含まれた)『教訓』,寓意(ぐうい) / 《複数形で》(社会の)モラル,風儀;(個人の)『素行』,
- 〈U〉確実性,必然性;確信 / 〈C〉確実なもの(こと),確かな見込み
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/09/11 05:04:27」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
Moral certainty is a concept of intuitive probability. It means a very high degree of probability, sufficient for action, but short of absolute or mathematical certainty.
Contents
- 1 Origins
- 2 Law
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 Further reading
- 6 External links
Origins
The notion of different degrees of certainty can be traced back to a statement in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics that one must be content with the kind of certainty appropriate to different subject matters, so that in practical decisions one cannot expect the certainty of mathematics. [1]
The Latin phrase moralis certitudo was first used by the French philosopher Jean Gerson about 1400,[2] to provide a basis for moral action that could (if necessary) be less exact than Aristotelian practical knowledge, thus avoiding the dangers of philosophical scepticism and opening the way for a benevolent casuistry.[3]
The Oxford English Dictionary mentions occurrences in English from 1637.
Law
In law, moral (or 'virtual') certainty has been associated with verdicts based on certainty beyond a reasonable doubt.[4]
Moral certainty, a quantum of evidence of about 100 percent proof, is required in two kinds of cases:
- In a criminal prosecution, when no direct evidence exists, the circumstantial evidence must be morally certain; see Lizzie Borden.
- In a parental testing case, when a putative father has been adjudicated to be the actual father by clear and convincing evidence, then moral certainty is required to disprove paternity, the onus being moved to the newly found father.
Legal debate about instructions to seek a moral certainty has turned on the changing definitions of the phrase over time. Whereas it can be understood as an equivalent to 'beyond reasonable doubt', in another sense moral certainty refers to a firm conviction which does not correlate but rather opposes evidentiary certainty:[5] i.e. one may have a firm subjective gut feeling of guilt – a feeling of moral certainty – without the evidence necessarily justifying a guilty conviction.
See also
- Argument from ignorance
- Benefit of the doubt
- Precautionary principle
References
- ^ Aristotle, Ethics (1976) pp. 64–5
- ^ H. E. Braun/E. Vallance eds., The Renaissance Conscience (2011) p. 19
- ^ Braun, p. 12 and p. 19
- ^ Legal definition of "moral certainty"
- ^ R. L. Moore, Mass Communication Law and Ethics (1999) pp. 52–3
Further reading
- J. Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), ch. 4
External links
- Legal definition of "moral certainty"
- "And the moral of the story is...", on the dangers of moral certainty. Ideas, CBC Radio 1. February 17, 2010.
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- 'Looking like a bad person': vocabulary of motives and narrative analysis in a story of nursing collegiality.
- Padgett SM1.
- Nursing inquiry.Nurs Inq.2015 Sep;22(3):221-30. doi: 10.1111/nin.12088. Epub 2014 Nov 10.
- Collegiality among nurses is necessary for the accomplishment of the tasks of care, for safety and quality improvement and for professional self-regulation. Nurses, especially in hospitals, are more likely to work in groups than other professionals, yet those relationships have not been well explore
- PMID 25382681
- Moral Absolutism, Self-Deception, and Moral Self-Concept in Men Who Commit Intimate Partner Violence: A Comparative Study With an Opposite Sample.
- Vecina ML1, Chacón F2, Pérez-Viejo JM3.
- Violence against women.Violence Against Women.2015 Aug 5. pii: 1077801215597791. [Epub ahead of print]
- The objective of this study is to show compatible data with the idea that men who commit intimate partner violence are uninhibited about the moral consequences of their behaviors, probably because they feel certainty about the rightness of their moral values and they strongly deceive themselves to m
- PMID 26250715
- Coercion and choice in parent-child live kidney donation.
- Burnell P1, Hulton SA2, Draper H3.
- Journal of medical ethics.J Med Ethics.2015 Apr;41(4):304-9. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2013-101988. Epub 2014 Nov 6.
- This paper explores whether donor-parents felt coerced to donate a kidney to their child. There is a paucity of UK literature on parental live kidney donors and the voluntariness of their decision-making. Data were gathered as part of a study exploring parental experiences of consenting for live don
- PMID 25378550
Japanese Journal
- 特別記事 判断の難しい状況における看護師の行動を決める背景--「Moral certainty」の概念による分析
- 強制としての道徳 : 『善悪の彼岸』一八八番を中心に
- 森 一郎,モリ イチロウ,MORI Ichiro
- 東京女子大学紀要論集 53(1), 1-38, 2002-09-25
- … This essay tries to show another side of his moral consideration. … The moral scientists seriously believe in the reason for each given human rule, for example, why should you not murder your fellow creature? … Nietzsche demonstrates the cultural productivity of the liberal obedience to arbitrary laws by pointing to the fact that the poets are willing to submit themselves to the tyranny of rhyme and rhythm in order to attain to elegance, freedom and masterly certainty. …
- NAID 110004631249
- <論文>D・ヒュームの経験論的人間学の研究 (21) : ヒュームの共感論 (3)
Related Links
- There is a moral certainty of his guilt.や He regards it as the moral certainty of American culture as reflected in its policy.といった文に出てくる"moral cer...
- moral certainty n. in a criminal trial, the reasonable belief (but falling short of absolute certainty) of the trier of the fact (jury or judge sitting without a jury) that the evidence shows the defendant is guilty. Moral certainty is another way ...
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- certainly、certainty、confidence、confident、convince、convincing、exist、present、reliably、secure、some、somewhat、sure、surely、to some extent、undoubtedly
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- authenticity、certain、confidence、confident、convince、reliance
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- ethical、ethically