WordNet

a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
the 2nd letter of the Roman alphabet (同)b
the blood group whose red cells carry the B antigen (同)type_B, group B
any of various long-tailed primates (excluding the prosimians)
a male religious living in a cloister and devoting himself to contemplation and prayer and work (同)monastic

PrepTutorEJDIC

ビールス,ろ過性病原体
『さる』(猿)(普通小さくて尾のあるサル) / 《話》猿に似た顔つきの人(動作をする人);(特に)いたずら小僧 / 《英俗》500ポンド,500ドル / (…を)いじる《+『around with』+『名』》
(一般に)修道僧,僧侶(そうりょ);(キリスト教の)修道士,道士
サル(猿)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/09/19 01:15:03」(JST)

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Herpes simian B virus (Macacine herpesvirus 1 (formerly Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, CHV-1 ^[1]), Herpesvirus simiae, B virus) is the endemic simplexvirus of macaque monkeys. B virus is an alphaherpesvirus, which consists of a subset of herpes viruses that travel within hosts using the peripheral nerves. As such, this neurotropic virus is not found in the blood.

In the natural host, the virus exhibits pathogenesis similar to that of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in humans. Conversely, when humans are zoonotically infected with B virus, patients can present with severe central nervous system disease, resulting in permanent neurological dysfunction or death. Severity of the disease increases for untreated patients, with a case fatality rate of approximately 80%. Early diagnosis and subsequent treatment are the linchpins of surviving the infection.

Linked with more than two dozen deaths since its discovery, B virus is the only identified nonhuman primate herpesvirus that displays severe pathogenicity in humans. The last identified case of human B virus infection occurred in 2008, with the last known fatality occurring when a worker at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center was infected in 1997 after an eye splash occurred. Proper personal protective equipment is essential when working with macaques, especially those who have tested positive for the virus. Bites, scratches and exposures to mucous membranes, including the eye, must be cleaned immediately. Samples from both the macaque and human should be sent for B virus diagnostic testing as recommended by the B Virus Working Group here: BVIRUS.pdf

As of 2002, there were 26 documented cases of human B virus infection, 16 of which led to death. At least 20 of the patients developed some degree of encephalitis.^[2]^[3]

History

Herpes B virus was first identified in 1932 following the death of Dr. William Brebner, a young physician who was bitten by a monkey while researching the virus that causes poliomyelitis. Soon after, Brebner developed localized erythema, followed by lymphangitis, lymphadenitis and, ultimately, transverse myelitis. Neurologic tissues obtained during Dr. Brebner’s autopsy revealed the presence of an ultrafilterable agent that appeared similar to HSV.^[4] This isolate was originally termed “W virus.”

Within a year of Brebner’s death, Dr. Albert Sabin identified an unfilterable agent from the same tissue,^[5] which he later named B virus. Sabin further described the lethality of B virus by showing that infectivity was independent of the route of inoculation.^[5] Additionally, it was observed that B virus induced immunologic responses similar to HSV-1,^[6] as well as shared similarities to HVP-2 and Langur herpesvirus, two other nonhuman primate alphaherpesviruses.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

By 1959, B virus was identified as the causative agent in 17 human cases, 12 of which resulted in death.^[12]^[13]^[14] Approximately 50 cases had been identified by 2002, although only 26 were well documented. The latest identified case of B virus occurred in 2008, per the National B Virus Resource Center in Atlanta, GA.

Virology

Viral Genome

The B virus genome was fully sequenced in 2003 from an isolate found in a rhesus macaque.^[15] Like all herpesviruses, the B virus genome contains double-stranded DNA and is approximately 157 kbp in length. Two unique regions (UL and US) are flanked by a pair of inverted repeats, two of which are found at the termini, with the other two internally located. This arrangement, which is identical in nature to HSV, results in four sequence-oriented isomers. Cytosine and guanine nucleotides represent 75% of the sequence.

Sequence analyses suggest that B virus and HSV types 1 and 2 most likely diverged from a common ancestor during the evolution of these pathogens. Each gene-encoded glycoprotein, including gB, gC, gD, gE and gG, has approximately 50% homology with HSV, with a slightly higher predilection towards HSV-2 over HSV-1.^[15] Additionally, glycoprotein sequences have demonstrated that all cysteine residues are conserved, as are most glycosylation sites.

Treatment

Acyclovir has prevented progression of the disease in some patients and may be life saving. Prompt treatment is essential to prevent permanent neurological impairment.^[16]

References

^ B Virus at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
^ Herpes-B Fact Sheet
^ Weigler BJ (1992). "Biology of B virus in macaque and human hosts: a review". Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 14 (2): 555–67. doi:10.1093/clinids/14.2.555. PMID 1313312.
^ Gay PP, Holden M (1933). "Isolation of herpesvirus from several cases of epidemic encephalitis". Proc Soc Exp Biol Med (30): 1051–53.
^ ^a ^b Sabin AB, Wright WM (1934). "Acute ascending myelitis following a monkey bite, with the isolation of a virus capable of reproducing the disease". J Exp Med 59 (2): 115–36. doi:10.1084/jem.59.2.115. PMC 2132353. PMID 19870235. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2132353/.
^ ^a ^b Sabin AB (1934). "Studies on the B virus I: The immunological identity of a virus isolated from a human case of ascending myelitis associated with visceral necrosis". Br J Exp Pathol (15): 248–68.
^ Eberle R, Hilliard J (1995). "The simian herpesviruses". Infectious Agents and Disease 4 (2): 55–70. PMID 7613729.
^ Sabin AB (1934). "Studies on the B virus II: Properties of the virus and pathogenesis of the experimental disease in rabbits". Br J Exp Pathol (15): 269–79.
^ Sabin AB (1934). "Studies on the B virus III: The experimental disease in macacus rhesus monkeys". Br J Exp Pathol (15): 321–34.
^ Burnet FM, Lush D, Jackson AV (1939). "The properties of herps B and pseudorabies viruses on the choriollantois". Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci (17): 35–52.
^ Burnet FM, Lush D, Jackson AV (1939). "The relationship of herpse and B viruses: immunological and epidemiological considerations". Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci (17): 41–51.
^ Breen GE, Lamb SG, Otaki AT (1958). "Monkey bite encephalomyelitis: report of a case with recovery". Br Med J 2 (5087): 22–3. PMC 2025841. PMID 13546633. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2025841/.
^ Hummeler K, Davidson WL, Henle W, et al. (1959). "Encephalomyelitis due to infection with herpesvirus simiae (herpes B virus): a report of two fatal, laboratory acquired cases". New England Journal of Medicine (261): 64–8.
^ Pierce EC, Pierce JD, Hull RN (1958). "B virus: its current significance, description and diagnosis of a fatal human infection". Am J Hyg (68): 242–50.
^ ^a ^b Perelygina L, Zhu L, Zurkuhlen H, et al. (2003). "Complete sequence and comparative analysis of the genome of herpes b virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) from a rhesus monkey". Journal of Virology 77 (11): 6167–77. PMC 155011. PMID 12743273. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC155011/.
^ Ostrowski Stephanie R., et al. (January–March 1998). "B-virus from Pet Macaque Monkeys: An Emerging Threat in the United States?". Emerging Infectious Diseases 4 (1).

External links

B Virus Resource Laboratory
CDC/NCID B Virus Page
Herpes B virus — "B" is for Brebner: Dr. William Bartlet Brebner (1903–1932)
Elizabeth R. Griffin Research Foundation, Inc.

UpToDate Contents

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1. Bウイルス感染 b virus infection
2. 犬および猫以外のペットからの人畜共通感染症 zoonoses from pets other than dogs and cats
3. B型肝炎と妊娠 hepatitis b and pregnancy
4. サハラ以南アフリカへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to sub saharan africa
5. 世界的なヒト免疫不全ウイルスの大流行 the global human immunodeficiency virus pandemic

English Journal

Herpes B virus, macacine herpesvirus 1, breaks simplex virus tradition via major histocompatibility complex class I expression in cells from human and macaque hosts.

Vasireddi M, Hilliard J.SourceViral Immunology Center, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Journal of virology.J Virol.2012 Dec;86(23):12503-11. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01350-12. Epub 2012 Sep 12.
B virus of the family Herpesviridae is endemic to rhesus macaques but results in 80% fatality in untreated humans who are zoonotically infected. Downregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I in order to evade CD8(+) T-cell activation is characteristic of most herpesviruses. Here w
PMID 22973043

Is nectin-1 the "master" receptor for deadly herpes B virus infection?

Fan Q, Longnecker R.SourceDepartment of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Virulence.Virulence.2012 Jul 1;3(4):405. doi: 10.4161/viru.20587. Epub 2012 Jun 22.
PMID 22722246

Herpes B virus utilizes human nectin-1 but not HVEM or PILRα for cell-cell fusion and virus entry.

Fan Q, Amen M, Harden M, Severini A, Griffiths A, Longnecker R.SourceDepartment of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Journal of virology.J Virol.2012 Apr;86(8):4468-76. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00041-12. Epub 2012 Feb 15.
To investigate the requirements of herpesvirus entry and fusion, the four homologous glycoproteins necessary for herpes simplex virus (HSV) fusion were cloned from herpes B virus (BV) (or macacine herpesvirus 1, previously known as cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) and cercopithecine herpesvirus 2 (CeHV
PMID 22345445

Japanese Journal

Multisynaptic projections from the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex to hand and mouth representations of the monkey primary motor cortex.

Miyachi Shigehiro,Hirata Yoshihiro,Inoue Ken-Ichi,Lu Xiaofeng,Nambu Atsushi,Takada Masahiko
Neuroscience research 76(3), 141-149, 2013-07-00
… To test this hypothesis anatomically, we examined the patterns of multisynaptic projections from the PF to regions of the primary motor cortex (MI) that represent the arm, hand, and mouth, using retrograde transsynaptic transport of rabies virus. …
NAID 120005296162

Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus in Indoor-Captive Cynomolgus Monkey Colony

NAKAMURA Shinichiro,TSUCHIYA Hideaki,OKAHARA Norio [他]
The journal of veterinary medical science 74(3), 279-283, 2012-03-00
NAID 40019249036

Wild-Type Measles Virus with the Hemagglutinin Protein of the Edmonston Vaccine Strain Retains Wild-Type Tropism in Macaques

Takeuchi Kaoru,Nagata Noriyo,Kato Sei-ich,Ami Yasushi,Suzaki Yuriko,Suzuki Tadaki,Sato Yuko,Tsunetsugu-Yokota Yasuko,Mori Kazuyasu,Van Nguyen Nguyen,Kimura Hideki,Nagata Kyosuke,竹内薫,永田恭介
Journal of virology 86(6), 3027-3037, 2012-01-00
… A major difference between vaccine and wild-type strains of measles virus (MV) in vitro is the wider cell specificity of vaccine strains, resulting from the receptor usage of the hemagglutinin (H) protein. … Wild-type H proteins recognize the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) (CD150), which is expressed on certain cells of the immune system, whereas vaccine H proteins recognize CD46, which is ubiquitously expressed on all nucleated human and monkey cells, in addition to SLAM. …
NAID 120004680937