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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/16 03:35:07」(JST)
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Through the insertion of multiple genes and telomeres, a shortened minichromosome is produced which can then be inserted into a host cell
Contents
- 1 Overview
- 2 Structure
- 3 Production
- 4 Role in Genetic Engineering
- 4.1 Plants
- 4.2 Other Organisms
- 5 See also
- 6 References
Overview
A minichromosome is a small chromatin-like structure consisting of centromeres, telomeres and replication origins[1] and little additional genetic material.[2] They replicate autonomously in the cell during cellular division.[3] The origin of minichromosomes is the result of natural processes (chromosomal aberrations) or genetic engineering.[4]
Structure
Minichromosomes can be either linear or circular pieces of DNA.[5] By minimizing the amount of unnecessary genetic information on the chromosome and including the basic components necessary for replication (centromere, telomeres, replication sequence), scientists aim to construct a chromosomal platform which can be utilized to insert/present new genes into a host organism's cell.[6]
Production
Producing minichromosomes involves two primary methods, the de novo (bottom-up) and the top-down approach.[7]
De novo
The minimum constituent parts of a chromosome (centromere, telomere and DNA replication sequences) are assembled[8]
Top-down
This method utilizes the insertion of telomere sequences into existing chromosomes. This sequence signals for new telomeres which causes the truncation of the chromosome.[9] The newly synthesized truncated chromosome can then be altered through the insertion of new genes for desired traits.
Role in Genetic Engineering
Unlike traditional methods of genetic engineering, minichromosomes can be used to transfer and express multiple sets of genes onto one engineered chromosome package[10] Traditional methods which involve the insertion of novel genes into existing sequences may result in the disruption of endogenous genes [11] and thus negatively affect the host cell. Additionally, with traditional gene insertion methods, scientists have had less ability to control where the newly inserted genes are located on the host cell chromosomes[12] which makes it difficult to predict inheritance of multiple genes from generation to generation. Minichromosome technology allows for the stacking of genes side-by-side on the same chromosome thus reducing likelihood of segregation of novel traits.
Plants
In 2006, scientists demonstrated the successful use of telomere truncation in maize plants to produce minichromosomes that could be utilized as a platform for inserting genes into the plant genome[13] In plants, the telomere sequence is conserved which implies this strategy can be utilized to successfully construction additional minichromosomes in other plant species [14]
In 2007, scientists reported success in assembling minichromosomes in vitro using the de novo method[15]
Other Organisms
Minichromosomes have been reported in yeast and animal cells. These minichromosomes were constructed using the De novo approach [16]
See also
- Minichromosome maintenance proteins
References
- ^ Xu, Chunhui; Yu, Weichang. "Engineered minichromosomes in plants". AccessScience. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ "Attach Genes To Minichromosomes". Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ Goyal, et.al, A. (2009). "Minichromosomes: The second generation genetic engineering tool". Plant Omics Journal 2 (1): 1–8. ISSN 1836-3644.
- ^ Xu, Chunhui; Yu, Weichang. "Engineered minichromosomes in plants". AccessScience. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ Goyal, et.al, A. (2009). "Minichromosomes: The second generation genetic engineering tool". Plant Omics Journal 2 (1): 1–8. ISSN 1836-3644.
- ^ Goyal, et.al, A. (2009). "Minichromosomes: The second generation genetic engineering tool". Plant Omics Journal 2 (1): 1–8. ISSN 1836-3644.
- ^ Xu, Chunhui; Yu, Weichang. "Engineered minichromosomes in plants". AccessScience. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ Yu, Weichang; Birchler, James (August 2007). "Minichromosomes: The Next Generation Technology for Plant Engineering". Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ Goyal, et.al, A. (2009). "Minichromosomes: The second generation genetic engineering tool". Plant Omics Journal 2 (1): 1–8. ISSN 1836-3644.
- ^ Houben, A et al. (January 2008). "Engineered Plant Minichromosomes: A Bottom-Up Success?". The Plant Cell 20 (1): 8–10. doi:10.1105/tpc.107.056622.
- ^ Xu, Chunhui; Yu, Weichang. "Engineered minichromosomes in plants". AccessScience. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ "Researchers to study minichromosomes in maize with $1.9 million grant". Retrieved 15 April 2012.
- ^ Yu, W. et al. (14 November 2006). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 (46): 17331–173336. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605750103.
- ^ Xu, Chunhui; Yu, Weichang. "Engineered minichromosomes in plants". AccessScience. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ Carlson, S.R. et al. (2007). "Meiotic Transmission of an in vitro assembled autonomous maize minichromosome". PLoS Genet. 3: 1965–1974. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030179.
- ^ Goyal, et.al, A. (2009). "Minichromosomes: The second generation genetic engineering tool". Plant Omics Journal 2 (1): 1–8. ISSN 1836-3644.
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English Journal
- Centrosomal MCM7 strengthens the Cep68-VHL interaction and excessive MCM7 leads to centrosome splitting resulting from increase in Cep68 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation.
- Kong L1, Yin H1, Yuan L2.
- Biochemical and biophysical research communications.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2017 Aug 5;489(4):497-502. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.180. Epub 2017 May 31.
- PMID 28578000
- Retinoid X Receptor α-Dependent HBV Minichromosome Remodeling and Viral Replication.
- Zhang Y1, He S2, Guo JJ2, Peng H1, Fan JH2, Li QL1.
- Annals of hepatology.Ann Hepatol.2017 Aug 1;16(4):501-509. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.0275.
- PMID 28611266
- Role of hepatitis B core protein in HBV transcription and recruitment of histone acetyltransferases to cccDNA minichromosome.
- Chong CK1, Cheng CYS1, Tsoi SYJ1, Huang FY1, Liu F1, Seto WK2, Lai CL2, Yuen MF3, Wong DK4.
- Antiviral research.Antiviral Res.2017 Aug;144:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.05.003. Epub 2017 May 10.
- PMID 28499864
Japanese Journal
- Systematic cytological evaluation and immunocytochemistry of minichromosome maintenance protein 2 and p53 significantly improve cytological diagnosis of pancreaticobiliary adenocarcinoma
- PS-081-2 肝細胞癌切除後予後予測マーカーとしてのMinichromosome maintenance complex component 6発現の意義(PS-081 肝 基礎-1,ポスターセッション,第114回日本外科学会定期学術集会)
- Generation of stable engineered chromosomes in soybean
Related Links
- A 530 kb long Schizosaccharomyces pombe linear minichromosome, Ch16, containing a centric region of chromosome III, has previously been made. In the present study, we constructed a number of deletions in the right and/or left ...
- minichromosome [‚min·ē′krō·mə‚sōm] (cell and molecular biology) A eukaryotic chromosome reduced in size by deletion of a segment of deoxyribonucleic ... Markers that have been studied in the literature and that are not considered ...