| Progestogen-only pill |
| Background |
| Type |
Hormonal |
| First use |
1973 |
| Failure rates (first year) |
| Perfect use |
0.3%[1] |
| Typical use |
9%[1] |
| Usage |
| Duration effect |
1 day |
| Reversibility |
Yes |
| User reminders |
Taken within same 3-hour window each day |
| Advantages and disadvantages |
| STI protection |
No |
| Weight |
No proven effect |
| Period disadvantages |
Light spotting may be irregular |
| Period advantages |
Often lighter and less painful |
| Medical notes |
| Unaffected by being on most (but not all) antibiotics. May be used, unlike COCPs, in patients with hypertension and history of migraines. Affected by some anti-epileptics. |
Progestogen-only pills or progestin-only pills (POP) are contraceptive pills that contain only synthetic progestogens (progestins) and do not contain estrogen. They are colloquially known as mini pills.
Although such pills are sometimes called "progesterone-only pills", they do not actually contain progesterone, but one of several chemically related compounds; and there are a number of progestogen-only contraceptive formulations.
Contents
- 1 Medical uses
- 2 Side-effects
- 3 Mechanism of action
- 4 See also
- 5 References
Medical uses
The theoretical efficacy is similar to that of the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP). However, this pill is taken continuously without any breaks between packets, and traditional progestogen-only pills must be taken to a much stricter time every day (within 3 hours vs. a COCP's 12 hours). However, in some countries, the POP Cerazette has an approved window of 12 hours. The effectiveness is, therefore, dependent upon compliance.
Lacking the estrogen of combined pills, they are not associated with increased risks of DVT or heart disease. With the decreased clotting risk, they are not contraindicated in the setting of sickle-cell disease. The progestin-only pill is recommended over regular birth control pills for women who are breastfeeding because the mini-pill does not affect milk production (estrogen reduces the amount of breast milk). Like combined pills, the minipill decreases the likelihood of pelvic inflammatory disease.
It is unclear whether POPs provide protection against ovarian cancer to the extent that COCP do.
There are fewer serious complications than on COCP.[2]
Side-effects
- With no break in the dosage, menstrual flow does not initially occur at a predictable time. Most women tend to establish, over a few months, light spotting at approximately regular intervals.
- May cause mastalgia (breast tenderness) and mood swings.
- Some women may experience abdominal cramps and heavy bleeding.
- Mood changes in personality is to be expected when taking any steroids.
Breast cancer risk
Epidemiological evidence on POPs and breast cancer risk is based on much smaller populations of users and so is less conclusive than that for COCPs.
In the largest (1996) reanalysis of previous studies of hormonal contraceptives and breast cancer risk, less than 1% were POP users. Current or recent POP users had a slightly increased relative risk (RR 1.17) of breast cancer diagnosis that just missed being statistically significant. The relative risk was similar to that found for current or recent COCP users (RR 1.16), and, as with COCPs, the increased relative risk decreased over time after stopping, vanished after 10 years, and was consistent with being due to earlier diagnosis or promoting the growth of a preexisting cancer.[3][4]
The most recent (1999) IARC evaluation of progestogen-only hormonal contraceptives reviewed the 1996 reanalysis as well as 4 case-control studies of POP users included in the reanalysis. They concluded that: "Overall, there was no evidence of an increased risk of breast cancer".[5]
Recent anxieties about the contribution of progestogens to the increased risk of breast cancer associated with HRT in postmenopausal women such as found in the WHI trials[6] have not spread to progestogen-only contraceptive use in premenopausal women.[7]
Mechanism of action
The mechanism of action of progestogen-only contraceptives depends on the progestogen activity and dose.[7]
- Very-low-dose progestogen-only contraceptives, such as traditional progestogen-only pills (and subdermal implants Norplant and Jadelle and intrauterine systems Progestasert and Mirena), inconsistently inhibit ovulation in ~50% of cycles and rely mainly on their progestogenic effect of thickening the cervical mucus, thereby reducing sperm viability and penetration.
- Intermediate-dose progestogen-only contraceptives, such as the progestogen-only pill Cerazette (or the subdermal implant Nexplanon), allow some follicular development (part of the steps of ovulation) but much more consistently inhibit ovulation in 97–99% of cycles.[8] The same cervical mucus changes occur as with very-low-dose progestogens.
- High-dose progestogen-only contraceptives, such as the injectables Depo-Provera and Noristerat, completely inhibit follicular development and ovulation. The same cervical mucus changes occur as with very-low-dose and intermediate-dose progestogens.
In anovulatory cycles using progestogen-only contraceptives, the endometrium is thin and atrophic. If the endometrium were also thin and atrophic during an ovulatory cycle, this could, in theory, interfere with implantation of a blastocyst (embryo).
See also
- Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive
- Oral contraceptive formulations
References
- ^ a b Trussell, James (2011). "Contraceptive efficacy". In Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; Nelson, Anita L.; Cates, Willard Jr.; Kowal, Deborah; Policar, Michael S. Contraceptive technology (20th revised ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 779–863. ISBN 978-1-59708-004-0. ISSN 0091-9721. OCLC 781956734. Table 26–1 = Table 3–2 Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception, and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year. United States.
- ^ Borgelt-Hansen Laura (2001). "Oral Contraceptives: An Update on Health Benefits and Risks: Progestin-Only Minipill". J Am Pharm Assoc. 41 (6).
- ^ Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (1996). "Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53,297 women with breast cancer and 100,239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies". Lancet. 347 (9017): 1713–27. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90806-5. PMID 8656904.
- ^ Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (1996). "Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: further results". Contraception. 54 (3 Suppl): 1S–106S. PMID 8899264.
- ^ IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (1999). "Hormonal contraceptives, progestogens only". Hormonal contraception and post-menopausal hormonal therapy; IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Volume 72. Lyon: IARC Press. pp. 339–397. ISBN 92-832-1272-X.
- ^ Chlebowski R, Hendrix S, Langer R, Stefanick M, Gass M, Lane D, Rodabough R, Gilligan M, Cyr M, Thomson C, Khandekar J, Petrovitch H, McTiernan A (2003). "Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial.". JAMA. 289 (24): 3243–53. doi:10.1001/jama.289.24.3243. PMID 12824205.
- ^ a b Glasier, Anna (March 20, 2015). "Chapter 134. Contraception". In Jameson, J. Larry; De Groot, Leslie J.; de Krester, David; Giudice, Linda C.; Grossman, Ashley; Melmed, Shlomo; Potts, John T., Jr.; Weir, Gordon C. Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. p. 2306. ISBN 978-0-323-18907-1.
- ^ Pattman, Richard; Sankar, K. Nathan; Elewad, Babiker; Handy, Pauline; Price, David Ashley, eds. (November 19, 2010). "Chapter 33. Contraception including contraception in HIV infection and infection reduction". Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-19-957166-6.
Ovulation may be suppressed in 15–40% of cycles by POPs containg levonorgestrel, norethisterone, or etynodiol diacetate, but in 97–99% by those containing desogestrel.
|
Birth control methods (G02B, G03A)
|
|
| Comparison |
- Comparison of birth control methods
- Long-acting reversible contraception
|
|
| Behavioral |
- Avoiding vaginal intercourse: Abstinence
- Anal sex
- Masturbation
- Non-penetrative sex
- Oral sex
Including vaginal intercourse: Breastfeeding infertility (LAM)
- Calendar-based methods (rhythm, etc.)
- Fertility awareness (Billings ovulation method
- Creighton Model, etc.)
- Withdrawal
|
|
Barrier and / or
spermicidal |
- Cervical cap
- Condom
- Contraceptive sponge
- Diaphragm
- Female condom
- Spermicide
|
|
Hormonal
(formulations) |
| Combined |
- Contraceptive patch
- Extended cycle
- Injectable
- NuvaRing
- Oral / 'the pill'
|
|
| Progestogen-only |
- LARC (Depo-Provera
- Implanon/Nexplanon
- Norplant/Jadelle)
- Progestogen-only pill
- Progesterone vaginal ring
|
|
|
| Anti-estrogen |
- Ormeloxifene (Centchroman)
|
|
| Post-intercourse |
- Emergency contraception (pills or copper IUD) (Ulipristal acetate
- Yuzpe regimen)
|
|
| Intrauterine device |
- IUD with copper
- IUD with progestogen (Mirena)
|
|
| Abortion |
- Medical (RU-486/abortion pill)
- Surgical
|
|
| Sterilization |
- Female: Essure
- Tubal ligation
Male: Vasectomy
|
|
| Experimental |
- Reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance (Vasalgel)
|
|
Hormonal contraception (G02B, G03A)
|
|
| Androgens |
- Male-only: Dimethandrolone
- Testosterone buciclate
- Testosterone undecanoate
- Trestolone
|
|
| Estrogens |
- Diethylstilbestrol
- Estradiol
- Estradiol benzoate
- Estradiol cypionate
- Estradiol enanthate
- Estradiol valerate
- Ethinylestradiol
- Mestranol
- Ormeloxifene
|
|
| Progestogens |
|
First generation (estranes)
|
- Ethisterone
- Etynodiol diacetate
- Lynestrenol
- Norethisterone (norethindrone)
- Norethisterone acetate
- Norethisterone enanthate
- Noretynodrel
- Quingestanol
|
|
|
Second generation
|
- Estranes: Norethisterone enanthate
- Norgestrienone
- Gonanes: Levonorgestrel
- Norelgestromin
- Norgestrel
|
|
|
Third generation (gonanes)
|
- Desogestrel
- Etonogestrel
- Gestodene
- Norgestimate
|
|
|
Fourth generation
|
- Estranes: Dienogest
- Norpregnanes: Demegestone
- Nomegestrol acetate
- Promegestone
- Trimegestone
- Spironolactone derivatives: Drospirenone
|
|
|
Pregnanes
|
- Chlormadinone acetate
- Medrogestone
- Medroxyprogesterone acetate
- Megestrol acetate
|
|
|
Miscellaneous
|
- Mifepristone
- Ulipristal acetate
- Algestone acetophenide
- Dydrogesterone
- Gestrinone
- Progesterone
- Proligestone
|
|
|
Progesterone receptor modulators
|
|
| PR |
|
Agonists
|
|
|
|
|
- Steroidal: Asoprisnil
- Asoprisnil ecamate
- Guggulsterone
- J1042
- LG-120838
- Mifepristone
- ORG-31710
- ORG-33628
- Telapristone
- Ulipristal acetate
- ZK-137316
- Non-steroidal: Apigenin
- Kaempferol
- Naringenin
- PRA-910
- Syringic acid
|
|
|
Antagonists
|
- Steroidal: Aglepristone
- Lilopristone
- Lonaprisan
- Onapristone
- RTI 3021–022
- Toripristone
- Vilaprisan
- Zanoterone
- Non-steroidal: LG-100127
- LG-100128
- Valproic acid
- ZM-150271
- ZM-172406
|
|
|
mPR
(PAQR) |
|
Agonists
|
- 5α-Dihydroprogesterone
- 5β-Dihydroprogesterone
- 11-Deoxycortisone (21-hydroxyprogesterone)
- 11-Deoxycortisol (17α,21-dihydroxyprogesterone)
- 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
- Allopregnanolone
- Mifepristone
- Pregnenolone
- Progesterone
|
|
|
Antagonists
|
|
|
|
- See also
- Receptor/signaling modulators
- Androgenics
- Estrogenics
- Glucocorticoidics
- Mineralocorticoidics
- Steroid metabolism modulators
- List of steroidal progestogens
|