出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/03 14:17:36」(JST)
A milk run, in logistics, is a round trip that facilitates either distribution or collection.
The terms are defined by the customer or by the service providers. Here, the exact number of suppliers, each of which defines the available volume and weight, and the time window for collection from the respective suppliers and the time window for delivery to the customer.[1] With consistent planning, capacity increases to an average of 90% can be achieved.[2]
On the round trips are either goods collected from several suppliers and transported to one customer, or goods collected from one supplier and transported to several customers. In contrast to the groupage traffic, there is no handling, except to transport the goods.
Something more specialist, the Milk-run is described as a concept that is a sequential collection of goods from multiple sources and the direct service to the customers without intermediate handling features of the goods.[3] As a prerequisite for the Milk-Run approach is the spatial proximity between the supplier and the customer.
The procedure for development of a Milk-Run-Concept consists of the following steps:[4]
The main benefit of milk runs is, according to common opinion in literature, in the higher utilization of trucks and the resulting reduction of transport costs by up to 30%.[5] In addition, the reduction of stock, both at the supplier side and at the customer side, avoidance in delays at the loading ramp, due to the consolidation of several suppliers and the specified time windows, high security planning and integration of reusable container recycling.
The literature completely ignores the reduction of pollution of the environment, both by consolidation and the resulting higher utilization of trucks, and by the reduction of transportation vehicles, compared to JIT or groupage traffic.
The disadvantages of the Milk run are the following:
The phrase "milk run" originates in American culture, with the distribution of milk bottles by the milkman. On his daily route, the milkman simultaneously distributes the full bottles and collects the empty bottles.[6] After the completion of round trip, he returned with the empties back to the starting point.
Another source is located in agriculture of the 20th century. Until the 1990s, in smaller communes, there were small collection points for milk. Since most farms had very little dairy, it was not economical for dairies to drive to every single operation. Thus, the milk was transported by farmers to collection points and collected there. The milk truck then drove to the collection points ordinarily every two days at a predetermined number of collection points in a fixed order and transported the milk to the dairy.
In the context of logistics in 1995, first mentioned by Meusel, that by identifying potential circular tours, the utilization of trucks could be increased and logistics costs could be reduced.[7]
The currently dominant in practice distribution concept is the groupage traffic. In contrast to the round trip, is at groupage traffic cargo collected from a logistics company at the supplier and transported to the transshipment points. There, the cargo will be consolidated and transported to the customer. This type of transport is divided into 2 cycles:[8]
In this concept, the average utilization of transport amounts to 60-70%. The resulting costs and carbon dioxide emissions from empty tours, extra runs, and used transport, although bad, are from an environmental and economic point a disadvantage.
The name of the method is derived from the dairy industry practice of one tanker collecting milk every day from several dairy farmers for delivery to a milk processing firm from where it is supplied to the customers.[9]
The term 'milk run' is also used in military jargon to describe a patrol route where a group of military units move between a set path of waypoints before returning to their base. The term is mainly used when such a patrol route is considered to be safe and easy, with little chance of enemy engagement.
In addition, "milk run" has been used to describe multi-stop airline flights involving direct, no change of plane service where a number of scheduled different stops are made en route by the same aircraft using the same flight number.
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