WordNet

the approximate amount of something (usually used prepositionally as in `in the region of' (同)neighborhood
the extended spatial location of something; "the farming regions of France"; "religions in all parts of the world"; "regions of outer space" (同)part
a knowledge domain that you are interested in or are communicating about; "it was a limited realm of discourse"; "here we enter the region of opinion"; "the realm of the occult" (同)realm
a large indefinite location on the surface of the Earth; "penguins inhabit the polar regions"
the middle portion of the brain (同)mesencephalon

PrepTutorEJDIC

(地理的な)『地域』,『地帯』;(特に広大な)地方 / 《複数形で》(宇宙などの)区分,界,属 / (身体の)部分 / (学問などの)分野,領域 / 《複数形で》(都会から離れた)地方
運動の,移動の, 運動力のあるもの（人）

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1. 松果体部腫瘍 pineal gland masses
2. 限局性脳幹部神経膠腫 focal brainstem glioma
3. 免疫グロブリンの構造 structure of immunoglobulins
4. 慢性骨髄性白血病の分子遺伝学 molecular genetics of chronic myeloid leukemia
5. 高齢者における神経性歩行障害 neurologic gait disorders of elderly people

English Journal

High-level gait and balance disorders in the elderly: a midbrain disease?

Demain A, Westby GW, Fernandez-Vidal S, Karachi C, Bonneville F, Do MC, Delmaire C, Dormont D, Bardinet E, Agid Y, Chastan N, Welter ML.Author information Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épiniere (CRICM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR-S975, Paris, France.AbstractThe pathophysiology of gait and balance disorders in elderly people with 'higher level gait disorders' (HLGD) is poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to identify the brain networks involved in this disorder. Standardised clinical scores, biomechanical parameters of gait initiation and brain imaging data, including deep white matter lesions (DWML) and brain voxel-based morphometry analyses, were assessed in 20 HLGD patients in comparison to 20 age-matched controls. In comparison to controls, HLGD patients presented a near-normal preparatory phase of gait initiation, but a severe alteration of both locomotor and postural parameters of first-step execution, which was related to 'axial' hypokinetic-rigid signs. HLGD patients showed a significant grey matter reduction in the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) and the left primary motor cortex. This midbrain atrophy was related to the severity of clinical and neurophysiologically determined balance deficits. HLGD patients also showed a reduction in speed of gait, related to 'appendicular' hypokinetic-rigid signs and frontal-lobe-like cognitive deficits. These last two symptoms were correlated with the severity of DWML, found in 12/20 HLGD patients. In conclusion, these data suggest that the gait and balance deficits in HLGD mainly result from the lesion or dysfunction of the network linking the primary motor cortex and the MLR, brain regions known to be involved in the control of gait and balance, whereas cognitive and 'appendicular' hypokinetic-rigid signs mainly result from DWML that could be responsible for a dysfunction of the frontal cortico-basal ganglia loops.
Journal of neurology.J Neurol.2013 Nov 8. [Epub ahead of print]
The pathophysiology of gait and balance disorders in elderly people with 'higher level gait disorders' (HLGD) is poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to identify the brain networks involved in this disorder. Standardised clinical scores, biomechanical parameters of gait initiation and brain im
PMID 24202784

Deep brain stimulation of the midbrain locomotor region improves paretic hindlimb function after spinal cord injury in rats.

Bachmann LC, Matis A, Lindau NT, Felder P, Gullo M, Schwab ME.Author information Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.AbstractIn severe spinal cord injuries, the tracts conveying motor commands to the spinal cord are disrupted, resulting in paralysis, but many patients still have small numbers of spared fibers. We have found that excitatory deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), an important control center for locomotion in the brain, markedly improved hindlimb function in rats with chronic, severe, but incomplete spinal cord injury. The medial medullary reticular formation was essential for this effect. Functional deficits of rats with 20 to 30% spared reticulospinal fibers were comparable to patients able to walk but with strong deficits in strength and speed [for example, individuals with American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS)-D scores]. MLR DBS enabled close to normal locomotion in these rats. In more extensively injured animals, with less than 10% spared reticulospinal fibers, hindlimbs were almost fully paralyzed, comparable to wheelchair-bound patients (for example, AIS-A, B, and C). With MLR DBS, hindlimb function reappeared under gravity-released conditions during swimming. We propose that therapeutic MLR DBS using the brain's own motor command circuits may offer a potential new approach to treat persistent gait disturbances in patients suffering from chronic incomplete spinal cord injury.
Science translational medicine.Sci Transl Med.2013 Oct 23;5(208):208ra146. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005972.
In severe spinal cord injuries, the tracts conveying motor commands to the spinal cord are disrupted, resulting in paralysis, but many patients still have small numbers of spared fibers. We have found that excitatory deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), an import
PMID 24154600

Asymmetric pedunculopontine network connectivity in parkinsonian patients with freezing of gait.

Fling BW, Cohen RG, Mancini M, Nutt JG, Fair DA, Horak FB.Author information Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.AbstractFreezing of gait is one of the most debilitating symptoms in Parkinson's disease as it causes falls and reduces mobility and quality of life. The pedunculopontine nucleus is one of the major nuclei of the mesencephalic locomotor region and has neurons related to anticipatory postural adjustments preceding step initiation as well as to the step itself, thus it may be critical for coupling posture and gait to avoid freezing. Because freezing of gait and postural impairments have been related to frontal lesions and frontal dysfunction such as executive function, we hypothesized that freezing is associated with disrupted connectivity between midbrain locomotor regions and medial frontal cortex. We used diffusion tensor imaging to quantify structural connectivity of the pedunculopontine nucleus in patients with Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait, without freezing, and healthy age-matched controls. We also included behavioural tasks to gauge severity of freezing of gait, quantify gait metrics, and assess executive cognitive functions to determine whether between-group differences in executive dysfunction were related to pedunculopontine nucleus structural network connectivity. Using seed regions from the pedunculopontine nucleus, we were able to delineate white matter connections between the spinal cord, cerebellum, pedunculopontine nucleus, subcortical and frontal/prefrontal cortical regions. The current study is the first to demonstrate differences in structural connectivity of the identified locomotor pathway in patients with freezing of gait. We report reduced connectivity of the pedunculopontine nucleus with the cerebellum, thalamus and multiple regions of the frontal cortex. Moreover, these structural differences were observed solely in the right hemisphere of patients with freezing of gait. Finally, we show that the more left hemisphere-lateralized the pedunculopontine nucleus tract volume, the poorer the performance on cognitive tasks requiring the initiation of appropriate actions and/or the inhibition of inappropriate actions, specifically within patients with freezing. These results support the notion that freezing of gait is strongly related to structural deficits in the right hemisphere's locomotor network involving prefrontal cortical areas involved in executive inhibition function.
Brain : a journal of neurology.Brain.2013 Aug;136(Pt 8):2405-18. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt172. Epub 2013 Jul 3.
Freezing of gait is one of the most debilitating symptoms in Parkinson's disease as it causes falls and reduces mobility and quality of life. The pedunculopontine nucleus is one of the major nuclei of the mesencephalic locomotor region and has neurons related to anticipatory postural adjustments pre
PMID 23824487

Japanese Journal

Hard-wired Central Pattern Generator Hardware Network for Quadrupedal Locomotion Based on Neuron and Synapse Models

Maruyama Akihiro,Ichimura Tomoyasu,Maeda Yoshinobu
Advanced Biomedical Engineering 4(0), 48-54, 2015
… "walking" and "bounding", with a hardware model, and to switch between these patterns using only one parameter, which can be interpreted as voltage stimulation from the midbrain locomotor region. … We found the transition from the "walking" to the "bounding" behavior to be due to a relative weakening of the coupling between the CPGs in the network by stimulation from the midbrain locomotor region. …
NAID 130005001721

四足歩行運動パターンを制御するアナログ回路設計の試み

前田義信,久保田真仁,鈴木康之 [他],野村泰伸
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. NLP, 非線形問題 112(205), 7-12, 2012-09-13
歩行のようなリズム運動は中枢パターン発生器(CPG)によって生成されると考えられている. Rybakら(2006)は生理学実験から得たデータを説明するために,Hodgkin-Huxley型方程式を用いた数理モデルを提案した.そこでは主動筋と拮抗筋を交互に活動させるための相互抑制型神経ネットワークが構成される.我々はこれまで,Rybakらの数理CPGモデルを回路CPGモデルで再現してきた,回路CPG …
NAID 110009666537

四足歩行運動パターンを制御するアナログ回路設計の試み

前田義信,久保田真仁,鈴木康之 [他],野村泰伸
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. CAS, 回路とシステム 112(204), 7-12, 2012-09-13
歩行のようなリズム運動は中枢パターン発生器(CPG)によって生成されると考えられている.Rybakら(2006)は生理学実験から得たデータを説明するために, Hodgkin-Huxley型方程式を用いた数理モデルを提案した.そこでは主動筋と措抗筋を交互に活動させるための相互抑制型神経ネットワークが構成される.我々はこれまで,Rybakらの数理CPGモデ、ルを回路CPGモデルで再現してきた.回路CP …
NAID 110009666489