関: periaqueductal gray

WordNet

in or near a center or constituting a center; the inner area; "a central position"
a workplace that serves as a telecommunications facility where lines from telephones can be connected together to permit communication (同)telephone exchange, exchange
United States botanist who specialized in North American flora and who was an early supporter of Darwins theories of evolution (1810-1888) (同)Asa Gray
English radiobiologist in whose honor the gray (the SI unit of energy for the absorbed dose of radiation) was named (1905-1965) (同)Louis Harold Gray
American navigator who twice circumnavigated the globe and who discovered the Columbia River (1755-1806) (同)Robert Gray
English poet best known for his elegy written in a country churchyard (1716-1771) (同)Thomas Gray
the SI unit of energy absorbed from ionizing radiation; equal to the absorption of one joule of radiation energy by one kilogram of matter; one gray equals 100 rad (同)Gy
a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black (同)grayness, grey, greyness
the middle portion of the brain (同)mesencephalon

PrepTutorEJDIC

『中心の』,中央の,中心からの / 『主要な』,中心的な(main) / (音声が)中舌音の / 電話交換局(《英》[telephone]exchange)

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5. 二次性中枢神経系リンパ腫の臨床症状および診断 clinical presentation and diagnosis of secondary central nervous system lymphoma

English Journal

β-Cyclodextrin Complex Containing Lippia grata Leaf Essential Oil Reduces Orofacial Nociception in Mice - Evidence of Possible Involvement of Descending Inhibitory Pain Modulation Pathway.

Siqueira-Lima PS, Araújo AA, Lucchese AM, Quintans JS, Menezes PP, Alves PB, de Lucca Júnior W, Santos MR, Bonjardim LR, Quintans-Júnior LJ.Author information Biotechnology Graduate Program, The State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil; Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil.AbstractThe treatment of orofacial pain remains a major challenge for modern medicine. Thus, we prepared and physicochemically characterized a new β-cyclodextrin complex containing Lippia grata leaf essential oil (β-CD/EO) to investigate their possible antinociceptive activity in animal models of orofacial pain. The results of Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and Thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) showed that the products prepared by Slurry complexation (SC) method were able to incorporate greater amounts of EO. In the X-ray diffractogram, it was shown that complex between EO and β-CD was formed. Male Swiss mice were pre-treated with β-CD/EO (6, 12 or 24 mg/kg, per os, gavage, p.o.), morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (distilled water, p.o.) 1 hr before treatment with formalin (20 μL, 2%), capsaicin (20 μL, 2.5 μg) or glutamate (40 μL, 25 μM) into the right upper lip. Our results demonstrated that p.o. treatment with β-CD/EO was significantly (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001) capable of reducing the nociceptive face-rubbing behaviour in both phases of the formalin test. β-CD/EO-treated mice were also significantly (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001) protected against nociception induced by capsaicin and glutamate. For the action in the central nervous system (CNS), ninety minutes after the treatment, the mice were perfused, the brains collected, crioprotected, cut in a criostate and submitted to an immunofluorescence protocol for Fos protein. The immunofluorescence protocol demonstrated that the β-CD/EO significantly activated (p < 0.05; p < 0.01 or p < 0.001) the motor cortex, the Locus ceruleus, the nucleus raphe magnus and the periaqueductal gray of the CNS. These effects apparently did not alter, in tested doses, the motor coordination of mice in the rota-rod test. Our results proposed that β-CD/EO might present an important draft of drug to the study of new compounds for the treatment of orofacial pain.
Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology.Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol.2014 Feb;114(2):188-96. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12145. Epub 2013 Nov 8.
The treatment of orofacial pain remains a major challenge for modern medicine. Thus, we prepared and physicochemically characterized a new β-cyclodextrin complex containing Lippia grata leaf essential oil (β-CD/EO) to investigate their possible antinociceptive activity in animal models of orofacia
PMID 24119304

The endocannabinoid system mediates aerobic exercise-induced antinociception in rats.

Galdino G1, Romero TR2, Silva JF3, Aguiar DC2, de Paula AM4, Cruz JS5, Parrella C6, Piscitelli F6, Duarte ID2, Di Marzo V6, Perez AC2.Author information 1Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-100 Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Electronic address: giovanegsouza@yahoo.com.br.2Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-100 Belo Horizonte, Brazil.3Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-100 Belo Horizonte, Brazil.4Biophotonics Lab, Department of Physics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil.5Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-100 Belo Horizonte, Brazil.6Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, via Campi Flegrei 34, Compresorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy.AbstractExercise-induced antinociception is widely described in the literature, but the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are poorly understood. Systemic (s.c.) and central (i.t., i.c.v.) pretreatment with CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonists (AM251 and AM630) blocked the antinociception induced by an aerobic exercise (AE) protocol in both mechanical and thermal nociceptive tests. Western blot analysis revealed an increase and activation of CB1 receptors in the rat brain, and immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated an increase of activation and expression of CB1 receptors in neurons of the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) after exercise. Additionally, pretreatment (s.c., i.t. and i.c.v.) with endocannabinoid metabolizing enzyme inhibitors (MAFP and JZL184) and an anandamide reuptake inhibitor (VDM11) prolonged and intensified this antinociceptive effect. These results indicate that exercise could activate the endocannabinoid system, producing antinociception. Supporting this hypothesis, liquid-chromatography/mass-spectrometry measurements demonstrated that plasma levels of endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol) and of anandamide-related mediators (palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide) were increased after AE. Therefore, these results suggest that the endocannabinoid system mediates aerobic exercise-induced antinociception at peripheral and central levels.
Neuropharmacology.Neuropharmacology.2014 Feb;77:313-24. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.09.022. Epub 2013 Oct 19.
Exercise-induced antinociception is widely described in the literature, but the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are poorly understood. Systemic (s.c.) and central (i.t., i.c.v.) pretreatment with CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonists (AM251 and AM630) blocked the antinociception induce
PMID 24148812

1-oleoyl lysophosphatidic Acid: a new mediator of emotional behavior in rats.

Castilla-Ortega E1, Escuredo L2, Bilbao A3, Pedraza C4, Orio L5, Estivill-Torrús G6, Santín LJ4, de Fonseca FR5, Pavón FJ3.Author information 1Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain ; Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.2Departamento de Psicobiología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.3Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.4Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.5Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain ; Departamento de Psicobiología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.6Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.AbstractThe role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in the control of emotional behavior remains to be determined. We analyzed the effects of the central administration of 1-oleoyl-LPA (LPA 18∶1) in rats tested for food consumption and anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors. For this purpose, the elevated plus-maze, open field, Y maze, forced swimming and food intake tests were performed. In addition, c-Fos expression in the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter (DPAG) was also determined. The results revealed that the administration of LPA 18∶1 reduced the time in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze and induced hypolocomotion in the open field, suggesting an anxiogenic-like phenotype. Interestingly, these effects were present following LPA 18∶1 infusion under conditions of novelty but not under habituation conditions. In the forced swimming test, the administration of LPA 18∶1 dose-dependently increased depression-like behavior, as evaluated according to immobility time. LPA treatment induced no effects on feeding. However, the immunohistochemical analysis revealed that LPA 18∶1 increased c-Fos expression in the DPAG. The abundant expression of the LPA1 receptor, one of the main targets for LPA 18∶1, was detected in this brain area, which participates in the control of emotional behavior, using immunocytochemistry. These findings indicate that LPA is a relevant transmitter potentially involved in normal and pathological emotional responses, including anxiety and depression.
PloS one.PLoS One.2014 Jan 7;9(1):e85348. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085348.
The role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in the control of emotional behavior remains to be determined. We analyzed the effects of the central administration of 1-oleoyl-LPA (LPA 18∶1) in rats tested for food consumption and anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors. For this purpose, the elevated
PMID 24409327

Japanese Journal

Divergence Paralysis Caused by Acute Midbrain Infarction

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Internal Medicine 51(22), 3169-3171, 2012
… Cranial magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated the presence of infarction in the left superior paramedian mesencephalic artery involving the vicinity of the periaqueductal gray matter. … We emphasize that this is a first reported case of DP caused by acute midbrain infarction and speculate that the mesencephalic reticular formation may be partially involved. …
NAID 130003307895