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| Microsporidiosis |
| Classification and external resources |
| Specialty |
Infectious disease |
| ICD-10 |
B60.8 |
| ICD-9-CM |
136.8 |
| DiseasesDB |
31870 |
| eMedicine |
med/1469 |
| MeSH |
D016881 |
|
[edit on Wikidata]
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Microsporidiosis is an opportunistic intestinal infection that causes diarrhea and wasting in immunocompromised individuals (HIV, for example). It results from different species of microsporidia, a group of microbial (unicellular) fungi.[1]
In HIV infected individuals, microsporidiosis generally occurs when CD4+ T cell counts fall below 150.
Contents
- 1 Classification
- 2 Causative agents
- 3 Life cycle
- 4 Treatment
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Classification
Although it is classified as a protozoal disease in ICD-10, their phylogenetic placement has been resolved to be within the Fungi, and some sources classify microsporidiosis as a mycosis,[2] however, they are highly divergent and rapidly evolving.[3][4][5]
Causative agents
At least 14 microsporidian species have been recognized as human pathogens, spread across eight genera:
- Brachiola
- B. algerae, B. connori, B. vesicularum
- Encephalitozoon
- E. cuniculi, E. hellem, E. intestinalis
- Enterocytozoon
- Microsporidium
- M. ceylonensis, M. africanum
- Nosema
- Pleistophora sp.
- Trachipleistophora
- T. hominis, T. anthropophthera
- Vittaforma
The primary causes are Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis.[6]
Life cycle
Life cycle of the various organisms that cause microsporidiosis.
(Coded to image at right).
- The infective form of microsporidia is the resistant spore and it can survive for an extended period of time in the environment.
- The spore extrudes its polar tubule and infects the host cell.
- The spore injects the infective sporoplasm into the eukaryotic host cell through the polar tubule.
- Inside the cell, the sporoplasm undergoes extensive multiplication either by merogony (binary fission) or schizogony (multiple fission).
- This development can occur either in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm (E. bieneusi) or inside a vacuole called a parasitophorous vacuole (E. intestinalis). Either free in the cytoplasm or inside a parasitophorous vacuole, microsporidia develop by sporogony to mature spores.
- During sporogony, a thick wall is formed around the spore, which provides resistance to adverse environmental conditions. When the spores increase in number and completely fill the host cell cytoplasm, the cell membrane is disrupted and releases the spores to the surroundings.
- These free mature spores can infect new cells thus continuing the cycle.
Treatment
Fumagillin has been used in the treatment.[6][7]
Another agent used is albendazole.[8]
References
- ^ "Microsporidiosis: Parasitic Infections: Merck Manual Home Health Handbook".
- ^ Microsporidiosis at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ^ Didier ES (April 2005). "Microsporidiosis: an emerging and opportunistic infection in humans and animals". Acta Trop. 94 (1): 61–76. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.01.010. PMID 15777637.
- ^ Keeling PJ, Luker MA, Palmer JD (January 2000). "Evidence from beta-tubulin phylogeny that microsporidia evolved from within the fungi". Mol. Biol. Evol. 17 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026235. PMID 10666703.
- ^ Keeling PJ; Madhani, Hiten D. (September 2009). Madhani, Hiten D., ed. "Five Questions about Microsporidia". PLOS Pathogens 5 (9): e1000489. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000489. PMC 2742732. PMID 19779558.
- ^ a b Lanternier F, Boutboul D, Menotti J, et al. (February 2009). "Microsporidiosis in solid organ transplant recipients: two Enterocytozoon bieneusi cases and review". Transpl Infect Dis 11 (1): 83–8. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3062.2008.00347.x. PMID 18803616.
- ^ Molina JM, Tourneur M, Sarfati C, et al. (June 2002). "Fumagillin treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 346 (25): 1963–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa012924. PMID 12075057.
- ^ Didier ES, Maddry JA, Brindley PJ, Stovall ME, Didier PJ (June 2005). "Therapeutic strategies for human microsporidia infections". Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 3 (3): 419–34. doi:10.1586/14787210.3.3.419. PMID 15954858.
External links
- CDC's microsporidiosis info page.
|
Fungal infection and mesomycetozoea (B35–B49, 110–118)
|
|
Superficial and
cutaneous
(dermatomycosis):
Tinea = skin;
Piedra (exothrix/
endothrix) = hair |
| Ascomycota |
Dermatophyte
(Dermatophytosis) |
| By location |
- Tinea barbae/tinea capitis
- Tinea corporis
- Tinea cruris
- Tinea manuum
- Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
- Tinea unguium/onychomycosis
- White superficial onychomycosis
- Distal subungual onychomycosis
- Proximal subungual onychomycosis
- Tinea corporis gladiatorum
- Tinea faciei
- Tinea imbricata
- Tinea incognito
- Favus
|
|
| By organism |
- Epidermophyton floccosum
- Microsporum canis
- Microsporum audouinii
- Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes
- Trichophyton tonsurans
- Trichophyton schoenleini
- Trichophyton rubrum
- Trichophyton verrucosum
|
|
|
| Other |
- Hortaea werneckii
- Piedraia hortae
|
|
|
| Basidiomycota |
- Malassezia furfur
- Tinea versicolor
- Pityrosporum folliculitis
- Trichosporon
|
|
|
Subcutaneous,
systemic,
and opportunistic |
| Ascomycota |
Dimorphic
(yeast+mold) |
| Onygenales |
- Coccidioides immitis/Coccidioides posadasii
- Coccidioidomycosis
- Disseminated coccidioidomycosis
- Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis. Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Histoplasmosis
- Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis
- Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis
- Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis
- Histoplasma duboisii
- Lacazia loboi
- Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
|
|
| Other |
- Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Blastomycosis
- North American blastomycosis
- South American blastomycosis
- Sporothrix schenckii
- Penicillium marneffei
|
|
|
| Yeast-like |
- Candida albicans
- Candidiasis
- Oral
- Esophageal
- Vulvovaginal
- Chronic mucocutaneous
- Antibiotic candidiasis
- Candidal intertrigo
- Candidal onychomycosis
- Candidal paronychia
- Candidid
- Diaper candidiasis
- Congenital cutaneous candidiasis
- Perianal candidiasis
- Systemic candidiasis
- Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica
- C. glabrata
- C. tropicalis
- C. lusitaniae
- Pneumocystis jirovecii
- Pneumocystosis
- Pneumocystis pneumonia
|
|
| Mold-like |
- Aspergillus
- Aspergillosis
- Aspergilloma
- Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
- Primary cutaneous aspergillosis
- Exophiala jeanselmei
- Fonsecaea pedrosoi/Fonsecaea compacta/Phialophora verrucosa
- Geotrichum candidum
- Pseudallescheria boydii
|
|
|
| Basidiomycota |
- Cryptococcus neoformans
- Cryptococcosis
- Trichosporon spp
- Trichosporonosis
|
|
Zygomycota
(Zygomycosis) |
Mucorales
(Mucormycosis) |
- Rhizopus oryzae
- Mucor indicus
- Lichtheimia corymbifera
- Syncephalastrum racemosum
- Apophysomyces variabilis
|
|
Entomophthorales
(Entomophthoramycosis) |
- Basidiobolus ranarum
- Conidiobolus coronatus/Conidiobolus incongruus
|
|
|
Microsporidia
(Microsporidiosis) |
- Enterocytozoon bieneusi/Encephalitozoon intestinalis
|
|
|
| Mesomycetozoea |
|
|
| Ungrouped |
- Alternariosis
- Fungal folliculitis
- Fusarium
- Granuloma gluteale infantum
- Hyalohyphomycosis
- Otomycosis
- Phaeohyphomycosis
|
|
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Microsporidia Alfvenia sibirica sp. n. and Agglomerata cladocera (Pfeiffer) 1895, from Siberian microcrustaceans and phylogenetic relationships within the "Aquatic outgroup" lineage of fresh water microsporidia.
- Sokolova YY1, Senderskiy IV2, Tokarev YS2.
- Journal of invertebrate pathology.J Invertebr Pathol.2016 May;136:81-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.03.009. Epub 2016 Mar 15.
- Here we report on two microsporidia from freshwater crustaceans collected during the ongoing survey for microsporidia in the river Karasuk and adjacent waterbodies (Novosibirsk region, Western Siberia). The first species parasitized hypoderm and fat body of a cyclopid Cyclops sp. (Maxillopoda, Coped
- PMID 26993808
- Microsporidia - Emergent Pathogens in the Global Food Chain.
- Stentiford GD1, Becnel JJ2, Weiss LM3, Keeling PJ4, Didier ES5, Williams BA6, Bjornson S7, Kent ML8, Freeman MA9, Brown MJ10, Troemel ER11, Roesel K12, Sokolova Y13, Snowden KF14, Solter L15.
- Trends in parasitology.Trends Parasitol.2016 Apr;32(4):336-48. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.12.004. Epub 2016 Jan 19.
- Intensification of food production has the potential to drive increased disease prevalence in food plants and animals. Microsporidia are diversely distributed, opportunistic, and density-dependent parasites infecting hosts from almost all known animal taxa. They are frequent in highly managed aquati
- PMID 26796229
- Encephalitozoon hellem infection in aviary passerine and psittacine birds in Spain.
- Rosell J1, Máinez M2, Didier ES3, Bowers LC4, Marco A5, Juan-Sallés C6.
- Veterinary parasitology.Vet Parasitol.2016 Mar 30;219:57-60. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.01.022. Epub 2016 Feb 1.
- A European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis), a canary (Serinus canaria), and a lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis) captive-bred at three different private aviaries in Spain were submitted for necropsy with a history of weakness and ruffled feathers, weight loss associated with glossitis, and respiratory
- PMID 26921040
Japanese Journal
- Culture and propagation of microsporidia of veterinary interest
- Culture and propagation of microsporidia of veterinary interest
- Intestinal Microsporidiosis in Diarrheal Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 59(5), 306-310, 2006-10
- NAID 40007482566
Related Links
- Microsporidiosis (also known as microsporidiasis) is caused by infection with microsporidia, which are obligately intracellular, spore-forming parasites that belong to the phylum Microspora and the order Microsporida.
- Clinical Presentation Human microsporidiosis represents an important and rapidly emerging opportunistic disease, occurring mainly, but not exclusively, in severely immunocompromised patients with AIDS. Additionally ...
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