| Inborn error of metabolism |
| Classification and external resources |
| ICD-10 |
E70-E90 |
| ICD-9 |
270-279 |
| MedlinePlus |
002438 |
| eMedicine |
emerg/768 |
| MeSH |
D008661 |
Inborn errors of metabolism comprise a large class of genetic diseases involving disorders of metabolism. The majority are due to defects of single genes that code for enzymes that facilitate conversion of various substances (substrates) into others (products). In most of the disorders, problems arise due to accumulation of substances which are toxic or interfere with normal function, or to the effects of reduced ability to synthesize essential compounds. Inborn errors of metabolism are now often referred to as congenital metabolic diseases or inherited metabolic diseases.
The term inborn error of metabolism was coined by a British physician, Archibald Garrod (1857–1936), in the early 20th century (1908). He is known for work that prefigured the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis, based on his studies on the nature and inheritance of alkaptonuria. His seminal text, Inborn Errors of Metabolism was published in 1923.
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Contents
- 1 Major categories of inherited metabolic diseases
- 2 Incidence
- 3 Manifestations and presentations
- 4 Diagnostic techniques
- 5 Treatment
- 6 Resources
- 7 References
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Major categories of inherited metabolic diseases
Traditionally the inherited metabolic diseases were categorized as disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, organic acid metabolism, or lysosomal storage diseases. In recent decades, hundreds of new inherited disorders of metabolism have been discovered and the categories have proliferated. Following are some of the major classes of congenital metabolic diseases, with prominent examples of each class. Many others do not fall into these categories. ICD-10 codes are provided where available.
- Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
- E.g., glycogen storage disease
- Disorders of amino acid metabolism
- E.g., phenylketonuria, maple syrup urine disease, glutaric acidemia type 1
- Urea Cycle Disorder or Urea Cycle Defects
- E.g., Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency
- Disorders of organic acid metabolism (organic acidurias)
- Disorders of fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial metabolism
- E.g., Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (often shortened to MCADD.)
- Disorders of porphyrin metabolism
- E.g., acute intermittent porphyria
- Disorders of purine or pyrimidine metabolism
- E.g., Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
- Disorders of steroid metabolism
- E.g., lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- Disorders of mitochondrial function
- E.g., Kearns-Sayre syndrome
- Disorders of peroxisomal function
- Lysosomal storage disorders
- E.g., Gaucher's disease
- E.g., Niemann Pick disease
Incidence
In a study in British Columbia, the overall incidence of the inborn errors of metabolism were estimated to be 70 per 100,000 live births or 1 in 1,400 births,[1] overall representing more than approximately 15% of single gene disorders in the population.[1]
| Type of inborn error |
Incidence |
Disease involving amino acids (e.g. PKU), organic acids,
primary lactic acidosis, galactosemia, or a urea cycle disease |
24 per 100 000 births[1] |
1 in 4,200[1] |
| Lysosomal storage disease |
8 per 100 000 births[1] |
1 in 12,500[1] |
| Peroxisomal disorder |
~3 to 4 per 100 000 of births[1] |
~1 in 30,000[1] |
| Respiratory chain-based mitochondrial disease |
~3 per 100 000 births[1] |
1 in 33,000[1] |
| Glycogen storage disease |
2.3 per 100 000 births[1] |
1 in 43,000[1] |
Manifestations and presentations
Because of the enormous number of these diseases and wide range of systems affected, nearly every "presenting complaint" to a doctor may have a congenital metabolic disease as a possible cause, especially in childhood. The following are examples of potential manifestations affecting each of the major organ systems: many manifestations may develop
- Growth failure, failure to thrive, weight loss
- Ambiguous genitalia, delayed puberty, precocious puberty
- Developmental delay, seizures, dementia, encephalopathy, stroke
- Deafness, blindness, pain agnosia
- Skin rash, abnormal pigmentation, lack of pigmentation, excessive hair growth, lumps and bumps
- Dental abnormalities
- Immunodeficiency, thrombocytopenia, anemia, enlarged spleen, enlarged lymph nodes
- Many forms of cancer
- Recurrent vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
- Excessive urination, renal failure, dehydration, edema
- Hypotension, heart failure, enlarged heart, hypertension, myocardial infarction
- Hepatomegaly, jaundice, liver failure
- Unusual facial features, congenital malformations
- Excessive breathing (hyperventilation), respiratory failure
- Abnormal behavior, depression, psychosis
- Joint pain, muscle weakness, cramps
- Hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, hypogonadism, diabetes mellitus
Diagnostic techniques
Dozens of congenital metabolic diseases are now detectable by newborn screening tests, especially the expanded testing using mass spectrometry. This is an increasingly common way for the diagnosis to be made and sometimes results in earlier treatment and a better outcome. There is a revolutionary GC/MS based technology with an integrated analytics system, which has now made it possible to test a newborn for over 100 genetic metabolic disorders.
Because of the multiplicity of conditions, many different diagnostic tests are used for screening. An abnormal result is often followed by a subsequent "definitive test" to confirm the suspected diagnosis.
Common screening tests used in the last sixty years:
- Ferric chloride test (turned colors in reaction to various abnormal metabolites in urine)
- Ninhydrin paper chromatography (detected abnormal amino acid patterns)
- Guthrie bacterial inhibition assay (detected a few amino acids in excessive amounts in blood) The dried blood spot can be used for multianalyte testing using Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS). This given an indication for a disorder. The same has to be further confirmed by enzyme assays, GC/MS or DNA Testing.
- Quantitative measurement of amino acids in plasma and urine
- Urine organic acid analysis by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- Plasma acylcarnitines analysis by mass spectrometry
- Urine purines and pyrimidines analysis by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Specific diagnostic tests (or focused screening for a small set of disorders):
- Tissue biopsy or necropsy: liver, muscle, brain, bone marrow
- Skin biopsy and fibroblast cultivation for specific enzyme testing
- Specific DNA testing
Treatment
In the middle of the 20th century the principal treatment for some of the amino acid disorders was restriction of dietary protein and all other care was simply management of complications. In the past twenty years, enzyme replacement, gene transfer, and organ transplantation have become available and beneficial for many previously untreatable disorders. Some of the more common or promising therapies are listed:
- Dietary restriction
- E.g., reduction of dietary protein remains a mainstay of treatment for phenylketonuria and other amino acid disorders
- Dietary supplementation or replacement
- E.g., oral ingestion of cornstarch several times a day helps prevent people with glycogen storage diseases from becoming seriously hypoglycemic.
- Vitamins
- E.g., thiamine supplementation benefits several types of disorders that cause lactic acidosis.
- Intermediary metabolites, compounds, or drugs that facilitate or retard specific metabolic pathways
- Dialysis
- Enzyme replacement E.g. Acid-alpha glucosidase for Pompe disease
- Gene transfer
- Bone marrow or organ transplantation
- Treatment of symptoms and complications
- Prenatal diagnosis and avoidance of pregnancy or abortion of an affected fetus
Resources
For clinicians and scientists in the field of inborn errors of metabolism, good resources include books by Scriver,[2] Fernandes,[3] Clarke,[4] Blau (diagnosis),[5] Blau (treatment),[6] Lyon,[7] Nyhan,[8] Hoffmann,[9] and Zschocke.[10] Other resources include genetests, orphanet, OMIM, Metab-L, societies such as the SSIEM, the SIMD and links therein. For medical students and clinicians looking for overviews of the field, such reviews can be found on pubmed and in good pediatric textbooks (e.g. articles by Saudubray,[11] Ellaway,[12] Raghuveer[13] or Burton,[14] and textbooks by Hay[15] or Behrman[16]).
For patients, their families or other individuals seeking good information and support groups, the National Institutes of Health offers the office of rare diseases, genetics home reference, medlineplus and health information. The National Human Genome Research Institute hosts an information center, a section for patients and the public and additional educational resources. Support groups can be found at NORD, Genetic Alliance and Orphanet. The genetic education center at the KUMC has many more useful links.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Applegarth DA, Toone JR, Lowry RB (January 2000). "Incidence of inborn errors of metabolism in British Columbia, 1969-1996". Pediatrics 105 (1): e10. doi:10.1542/peds.105.1.e10. PMID 10617747.
- ^ Charles Scriver, Beaudet, A.L., Valle, D., Sly, W.S., Vogelstein, B., Childs, B., Kinzler, K.W. (accessed 2007). The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. New York: McGraw-Hill. - Summaries of 255 chapters, full text through many universities. There is also the OMMBID blog.
- ^ Fernandes, J.; Saudubray, J.M.; van den Berghe, G.; Walter, J.H. (2006). Inborn Metabolic Diseases : Diagnosis and Treatment (4th ed.). Springer. p. 561 p. http://www.springer.com/dal/home/medicine/pediatrics?SGWID=1-10079-22-97001537-0.
- ^ Clarke, J.T.R. (2005). A Clinical Guide to Inherited Metabolic Diseases (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 358 p. doi:10.2277/0521614996. ISBN 978-0-521-61499-3. http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521614993.
- ^ Blau, N.; Duran, M.; Blaskovics, M.E.; Gibson, K.M. (2002). Physician's Guide to the Laboratory Diagnosis of Metabolic Diseases (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 716 p. ISBN 978-3-540-42542-7. http://www.springer.com/dal/home?SGWID=1-102-22-2083693-0&changeHeader=true.
- ^ Blau, N; Hoffmann, G.F.; Leonard, J.; Clarke, J.T.R. (2006). Physician's Guide to the Treatment And Follow-up of Metabolic Diseases (1st ed.). Springer. p. 416 p. ISBN 3-540-22954-X. http://www.springer.com/dal/home?SGWID=1-102-22-34377103-0&changeHeader=true.
- ^ Lyon, G.; Kolodny, E.H.; Pastores, G. (2006). Neurology of Hereditary Molecular & Metabolic Disease of Children (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 500p. http://www.mhprofessional.com/product.php?cat=116&isbn=0071445080.
- ^ Nyhan, W.L.; Barshop, B.; Ozand, P.T. (2005). Atlas of Metabolic Diseases (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 800 p. http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Medicine/Genetics/~~/dmlldz11c2EmY2k9OTc4MDM0MDgwOTcwOQ==.
- ^ Hoffmann, G.F; Nyhan, W.L.; Zschocke, J.; Kahler, S.G; Mayatepek, E. (2001). Inherited Metabolic diseases. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 448 p. http://www.lww.com/product/?978-0-7817-2900-0.
- ^ Zschocke, J; Hoffmann, G.F. (2004). Vademecum Metabolicum (2nd ed.). Schattauer GmbH. p. 176 p. http://82.139.217.185/schatt/gv/titles/schat2385.asp.
- ^ Saudubray J, Sedel F, Walter J (2006). "Clinical approach to treatable inborn metabolic diseases: an introduction". J Inherit Metab Dis 29 (2–3): 261–74. doi:10.1007/s10545-006-0358-0. PMID 16763886.
- ^ Ellaway C, Wilcken B, Christodoulou J (2002). "Clinical approach to inborn errors of metabolism presenting in the newborn period". J Paediatr Child Health 38 (5): 511–7. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1754.2002.00047.x. PMID 12354271.
- ^ Raghuveer T, Garg U, Graf W (2006). "Inborn errors of metabolism in infancy and early childhood: an update". Am Fam Physician 73 (11): 1981–90. PMID 16770930.
- ^ Burton B (1998). "Inborn errors of metabolism in infancy: a guide to diagnosis". Pediatrics 102 (6): E69. doi:10.1542/peds.102.6.e69. PMID 9832597.
- ^ Hay, W.H., Jr.; Levin, M.J.; Sondheimer, J.M.; Deterding, R.R. (2006). Current Pediatric Diagnosis and Treatment (18th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 1306 p. http://www.accessmedicine.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=14.
- ^ Behrman, R.E.; Kliegman, R.M.; Jenson, H.B. (2004). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics (17th ed.). Elsevier. p. 2672 p. http://www.nelsonpediatrics.com/.
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Pathology: Medical conditions and ICD code
|
|
|
(Disease / Disorder / Syndrome / Sequence, Symptom / Sign, Injury, etc.)
|
|
| (A/B, 001–139) |
Infectious disease/Infection: Bacterial disease (G+, G-) · Virus disease · Parasitic disease (Protozoan infection, Helminthiasis, Ectoparasitic infestation) · Mycosis · Zoonosis
|
|
(C/D,
140–239 &
279–289) |
|
Cancer (C00–D48, 140–239)
|
Tumor
|
|
|
Myeloid hematologic (D50–D77, 280–289)
|
Anemia · Coagulopathy
|
|
|
Lymphoid immune (D80–D89, 279)
|
Immunodeficiency · Immunoproliferative disorder · Hypersensitivity
|
|
|
| (E, 240–278) |
Endocrine disease · Nutrition disorder · Inborn error of metabolism
|
|
| (F, 290–319) |
Mental disorder
|
|
| (G, 320–359) |
Nervous system disease (CNS, PNS) · Neuromuscular disease
|
|
| (H, 360–389) |
Eye disease · Ear disease
|
|
| (I, 390–459) |
Cardiovascular disease (Heart disease, Vascular disease)
|
|
| (J, 460–519) |
Respiratory disease (Obstructive lung disease, Restrictive lung disease, Pneumonia)
|
|
| (K, 520–579) |
Stomatognathic disease (Tooth disease) · Digestive disease (Esophageal, Stomach, Enteropathy, Liver, Pancreatic)
|
|
| (L, 680–709) |
Skin disease · skin appendages (Nail disease, Hair disease, Sweat gland disease)
|
|
| (M, 710–739) |
Musculoskeletal disorders: Myopathy · Arthropathy · Osteochondropathy (Osteopathy, Chondropathy)
|
|
| (N, 580–629) |
Urologic disease (Nephropathy, Urinary bladder disease) · Male genital disease · Breast disease · Female genital disease
|
|
| (O, 630–679) |
Complications of pregnancy · Obstetric labor complication · Puerperal disorder
|
|
| (P, 760–779) |
Fetal disease
|
|
| (Q, 740–759) |
Congenital disorder (Congenital abnormality)
|
|
| (R, 780–799) |
Syndromes · Medical signs (Eponymous)
|
|
| (S/T, 800–999) |
Bone fracture · Joint dislocation · Sprain · Strain · Subluxation · Head injury · Chest trauma · Poisoning
|
|
|
Inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism: monosaccharide metabolism disorders (including glycogen storage diseases) (E73–E74, 271)
|
|
Sucrose, transport
(extracellular) |
|
Disaccharide catabolism
|
Lactose intolerance · Sucrose intolerance
|
|
|
Monosaccharide transport
|
Glucose-galactose malabsorption · Inborn errors of renal tubular transport (Renal glycosuria) · Fructose malabsorption
|
|
|
| Hexose → glucose |
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Monosaccharide catabolism
|
fructose: Essential fructosuria · Fructose intolerance
galactose/galactosemia : GALK deficiency · GALT deficiency/GALE deficiency
|
|
|
| Glucose ⇄ glycogen |
|
Glycogenesis
|
GSD type 0, glycogen synthase · GSD type IV, Andersen's, branching
|
|
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Glycogenolysis
|
extralysosomal: GSD type V, McArdle, muscle glycogen phosphorylase/GSD type VI, Hers', liver glycogen phosphorylase · GSD type III, Cori's, debranching
lysosomal/LSD: GSD type II, Pompe's, glucosidase
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|
|
| Glucose ⇄ CAC |
|
Glycolysis
|
MODY 2/HHF3 · GSD type VII, Tarui's, phosphofructokinase · Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency · Pyruvate kinase deficiency
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|
|
Gluconeogenesis
|
PCD · Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency · GSD type I, von Gierke, glucose 6-phosphatase
|
|
|
| Pentose phosphate pathway |
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency · Transaldolase deficiency
|
|
| Other |
Hyperoxaluria (Primary hyperoxaluria) · Pentosuria
|
|
|
|
mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m
|
k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon
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m (A16/C10), i (k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)
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Inborn error of amino acid metabolism (E70–E72, 270)
|
|
| K→acetyl-CoA |
|
Lysine/straight chain
|
- Glutaric acidemia type 1
- type 2
- Hyperlysinemia
- Pipecolic acidemia
- Saccharopinuria
|
|
|
Leucine
|
- Maple syrup urine disease
- Isovaleric acidemia
- 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency
- 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency
- 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria 1
|
|
|
Tryptophan
|
|
|
|
| G |
|
G→pyruvate→citrate
|
|
Glycine
|
- Sarcosinemia
- D-Glyceric acidemia
- Glutathione synthetase deficiency
- Glycine→Creatine: GAMT deficiency
- Glycine encephalopathy
|
|
|
|
G→glutamate→
α-ketoglutarate
|
|
Histidine
|
- Carnosinemia
- Histidinemia
- Urocanic aciduria
|
|
|
Proline
|
- Hyperprolinemia
- Prolidase deficiency
|
|
|
Glutamate/glutamine
|
|
|
|
|
G→propionyl-CoA→
succinyl-CoA
|
|
Valine
|
- Maple syrup urine disease
- Hypervalinemia
- Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
|
|
|
Isoleucine
|
- Maple syrup urine disease
- Beta-ketothiolase deficiency
- 2-Methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
|
|
|
Methionine
|
- Hypermethioninemia
- Homocystinuria
- Cystathioninuria
|
|
|
General BC/OA
|
- Propionic acidemia
- Methylmalonic acidemia
- Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency
|
|
|
|
G→fumarate
|
|
|
Phenylalanine/tyrosine
|
|
Phenylketonuria
|
- Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency
- 6-Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase deficiency
|
|
|
Tyrosinemia
|
- Type II tyrosinemia
- Type III tyrosinemia/Hawkinsinuria
- Alkaptonuria/Ochronosis
- Type I tyrosinemia
|
|
|
Tyrosine→Melanin
|
- Albinism: Ocular albinism (1)
- Oculocutaneous albinism (Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome)
- Waardenburg syndrome
|
|
|
Tyrosine→Norepinephrine
|
- Dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency
- reverse: Brunner syndrome
|
|
|
|
|
G→oxaloacetate
|
|
Urea cycle/Hyperammonemia
(arginine
|
- N-Acetylglutamate synthase deficiency
- Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency
- Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency/translocase deficiency
- Citrullinemia
- Argininosuccinic aciduria
- Argininemia
|
|
|
|
Transport/
IE of RTT |
- Solute carrier family: Cystinuria
- Hartnup disease
- Lysinuric protein intolerance
- Iminoglycinuria
- Fanconi syndrome: Oculocerebrorenal syndrome
- Cystinosis
|
|
| Other |
- Trimethylaminuria
- 2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria
- Fumarase deficiency
- Ethylmalonic encephalopathy
|
|
|
|
mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m
|
k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon
|
m (A16/C10), i (k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)
|
|
|
|
|
Inborn error of lipid metabolism: fatty-acid metabolism disorders (E71.3, 277.81–277.85)
|
|
| Synthesis |
|
|
| Degradation |
| Acyl transport |
- Carnitine
- Primary
- I
- II
- -acylcarnitine
- Adrenoleukodystrophy
|
|
| Beta oxidation |
| General |
- Acyl CoA dehydrogenase
- Short-chain
- Medium-chain
- Long-chain 3-hydroxy
- Very long-chain
- Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency: Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
|
|
| Unsaturated |
- 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency
|
|
| Odd chain |
|
|
| Other |
- 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency
|
|
|
| To acetyl-CoA |
|
|
| Aldehyde |
|
|
|
|
|
mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m
|
k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon
|
m (A16/C10), i (k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)
|
|
|
|
|
Inborn error of lipid metabolism: dyslipidemia (E78, 272.0–272.6)
|
|
| Hyperlipidemia |
- Hypercholesterolemia/Hypertriglyceridemia
- Lipoprotein lipase deficiency/Type Ia
- Familial apoprotein CII deficiency/Type Ib
- Familial hypercholesterolemia/Type IIa
- Combined hyperlipidemia/Type IIb
- Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia/Type III
- Familial hypertriglyceridemia/Type IV
- Xanthoma/Xanthomatosis
|
|
| Hypolipoproteinemia |
|
Hypoalphalipoproteinemia/HDL
|
- Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency
- Tangier disease
|
|
|
Hypobetalipoproteinemia/LDL
|
- Abetalipoproteinemia
- Apolipoprotein B deficiency
- Chylomicron retention disease
|
|
|
| Lipodystrophy |
- Barraquer–Simons syndrome
|
|
| Other |
- Lipomatosis
- Adiposis dolorosa
- Lipoid proteinosis
- APOA1 familial renal amyloidosis
|
|
|
|
mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m
|
k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon
|
m (A16/C10), i (k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)
|
|
|
|
|
Heme metabolism disorders (E80, 277.1, 277.4)
|
|
Porphyria,
hepatic and erythropoietic
(porphyrin) |
early mitochondrial: ALAD porphyria · Acute intermittent porphyria
cytoplasmic: Gunther disease/congenital erythropoietic porphyria · Porphyria cutanea tarda/Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria
late mitochondrial: Hereditary coproporphyria · Harderoporphyria · Variegate porphyria · Erythropoietic protoporphyria
|
|
Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia
(bilirubin) |
unconjugated: Gilbert's syndrome · Crigler–Najjar syndrome · Lucey–Driscoll syndrome
conjugated: Dubin–Johnson syndrome · Rotor syndrome
|
|
|
|
mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m
|
k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon
|
m (A16/C10), i (k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)
|
|
|
|
cell/phys (coag, heme, immu, gran), csfs
|
rbmg/mogr/tumr/hist, sysi/epon, btst
|
drug (B1/2/3+5+6), btst, trns
|
|
|
|
|
Inborn error of purine-pyrimidine metabolism (E79, 277.2)
|
|
| Purine metabolism |
|
Anabolism
|
- Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency
- Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase Deficiency type 1
|
|
|
Nucleotide salvage
|
- Lesch-Nyhan syndrome/Hyperuricemia
- Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
|
|
|
Catabolism
|
- Adenosine deaminase deficiency
- Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
- Xanthinuria
- Gout
- Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome
|
|
|
| Pyrimidine metabolism |
|
Anabolism
|
- Orotic aciduria
- Miller syndrome
|
|
|
Catabolism
|
- Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency
|
|
|
|
|
mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m
|
k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon
|
m (A16/C10), i (k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)
|
|
|
|
|
Other metabolic pathology / Inborn error of metabolism (E70–E90, 270–279)
|
|
| Other |
- Aldolase A deficiency
- Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
- Cystic fibrosis
- Acatalasia
- Tumor lysis syndrome
|
|
|
Inborn error of steroid metabolism
|
|
| Mevalonate pathway |
- Hyper-IgD syndrome
- Mevalonate kinase deficiency
|
|
| To cholesterol |
- 7-Dehydrocholesterol path: Hydrops-ectopic calcification-moth-eaten skeletal dysplasia
- CHILD syndrome
- Conradi-Hünermann syndrome
- Lathosterolosis
- Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome
- desmosterol path: Desmosterolosis
|
|
| Steroids |
Corticosteroid
(including CAH) |
- aldosterone: Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism
- cortisol/cortisone: CAH 17α hydroxylase
- CAH 11β hydroxylase
- both: CAH 3β dehydrogenase
- CAH 21α hydroxylase
- Apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome/11β dehydrogenase
|
|
| Sex steroid |
| To androgens |
- 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency
- 5-alpha-reductase deficiency
- Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias
|
|
| To estrogens |
- Aromatase deficiency
- Aromatase excess syndrome
|
|
|
| Other |
- X-linked ichthyosis
- Antley-Bixler syndrome
|
|
|
|
|
mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m
|
k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon
|
m (A16/C10), i (k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)
|
|
|
|
|
noco (d)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon
|
proc, drug (A10/H1/H2/H3/H5)
|
|
|
|
|
Metabolic disorders of vitamins, coenzymes, and cofactors
|
|
| B7 Biotin/MCD |
- Biotinidase deficiency
- Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency
|
|
| Other B |
- B5 (Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration)
- B12 (Methylmalonic acidemia)
|
|
| Other vitamin |
- Familial isolated vitamin E deficiency
|
|
| Nonvitamin cofactor |
- Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency
- Molybdenum cofactor deficiency
|
|
|
|
|
noco, nuvi, sysi/epon, met
|
|
|
|
|
