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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/02 15:23:13」(JST)

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For the arthropod anatomical term, see mesosoma.

Mesosomes form in bacterial cells prepared for electron microscopy by chemical fixation, but not by freeze-fracture fixation.^[1]

Mesosomes are folded invaginations in the plasma membrane of bacteria that are produced by the chemical fixation techniques used to prepare samples for electron microscopy. Although several functions were proposed for these structures in the 1960s, they were recognized as artifacts by the late 1970s and are no longer considered to be part of the normal structure of bacterial cells.

Initial observations[edit]

These structures are invaginations of the plasma membrane observed in gram-positive bacteria that have been chemically fixed to prepare them for electron microscopy.^[2] They were first observed in 1953 by George B. Chapman and James Hillier,^[3] who referred to them as "peripheral bodies." They were termed "mesosomes" by J. D. Robertson in 1959.^[4] Initially, it was thought that mesosomes might play a role in several cellular processes, such as cell wall formation during cell division, chromosome replication, or as a site for oxidative phosphorylation.^[5]^[6]

Disproof of hypothesis[edit]

These models were called into question during the late 1970s when data accumulated suggesting that mesosomes are artifacts formed through damage to the membrane during the process of chemical fixation, and do not occur in cells that have not been chemically fixed.^[2]^[7]^[8] By the mid to late 1980s, with advances in cryofixation and freeze substitution methods for electron microscopy, it was generally concluded that mesosomes do not exist in living cells.^[9]^[10]^[11] However, a few researchers continue to argue that the evidence remains inconclusive, and that mesosomes might not be artifacts in all cases.^[12]^[13]

Recently, similar folds in the membrane have been observed in bacteria that have been exposed to some classes of antibiotics,^[14] and antibacterial peptides (defensins).^[15] The appearance of these mesosome-like structures may be the result of these chemicals damaging the plasma membrane and/or cell wall.^[16]

The case of the proposal and then disproof of the mesosome hypothesis has been discussed from the viewpoint of the philosophy of science as an example of how a scientific idea can be falsified and the hypothesis then rejected, and analyzed to explore how the scientific community carries out this testing process.^[17]^[18]^[19]

References[edit]

^ Nanninga N (1971). "The mesosome of Bacillus subtilis as affected by chemical and physical fixation". J. Cell Biol. 48 (1): 219–24. doi:10.1083/jcb.48.1.219. PMC 2108225. PMID 4993484.
^ ^a ^b Silva MT, Sousa JC, Polónia JJ, Macedo MA, Parente AM (1976). "Bacterial mesosomes. Real structures or artifacts?". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 443 (1): 92–105. doi:10.1016/0005-2736(76)90493-4. PMID 821538.
^ Chapman, George B., and Hillier, James (1953). "Electron microscopy of ultra-thin sections of bacteria I. Cellular division in Bacillus cereus". J. Bacteriol.: 362–373.
^ Robertson, J.D. (1959). "The ultra structure of cell membranes and their derivatives, Biochem". Soc. Syrup: 3.
^ Suganuma A (1966). "Studies on the fine structure of Staphylococcus aureus". J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 15 (4): 257–61. PMID 5984369.
^ Pontefract RD, Bergeron G, Thatcher FS (1969). "Mesosomes in Escherichia coli". J. Bacteriol. 97 (1): 367–75. doi:10.1002/path.1710970223. PMC 249612. PMID 4884819.
^ Ebersold HR, Cordier JL, Lüthy P (1981). "Bacterial mesosomes: method dependent artifacts". Arch. Microbiol. 130 (1): 19–22. doi:10.1007/BF00527066. PMID 6796029.
^ Higgins ML, Tsien HC, Daneo-Moore L (1976). "Organization of mesosomes in fixed and unfixed cells". J. Bacteriol. 127 (3): 1519–23. PMC 232947. PMID 821934.
^ Ryter A (1988). "Contribution of new cryomethods to a better knowledge of bacterial anatomy". Ann. Inst. Pasteur Microbiol. 139 (1): 33–44. doi:10.1016/0769-2609(88)90095-6. PMID 3289587.
^ Nanninga N, Brakenhoff GJ, Meijer M, Woldringh CL (1984). "Bacterial anatomy in retrospect and prospect". Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 50 (5-6): 433–60. doi:10.1007/BF02386219. PMID 6442119.
^ Dubochet J, McDowall AW, Menge B, Schmid EN, Lickfeld KG (1 July 1983). "Electron microscopy of frozen-hydrated bacteria". J. Bacteriol. 155 (1): 381–90. PMC 217690. PMID 6408064.
^ John F. Stolz (1991) "Structure of Phototrophic Prokaryotes" CRC Press ISBN 0-8493-4814-5
^ Murata, K.; Kawai, S.; Mikami, B.; Hashimoto, W. (2008). "Superchannel of Bacteria: Biological Significance and New Horizons". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 72: 265–277. doi:10.1271/bbb.70635. PMID 18256495. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ Santhana Raj L, Hing HL, Baharudin O, et al. (2007). "Mesosomes are a definite event in antibiotic-treated Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923". Trop Biomed 24 (1): 105–9. PMID 17568383.
^ Friedrich CL, Moyles D, Beveridge TJ, Hancock RE (2000). "Antibacterial action of structurally diverse cationic peptides on gram-positive bacteria". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44 (8): 2086–92. doi:10.1128/AAC.44.8.2086-2092.2000. PMC 90018. PMID 10898680.
^ Balkwill DL, Stevens SE (1980). "Effects of penicillin G on mesosome-like structures in Agmenellum quadruplicatum". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 17 (3): 506–9. PMC 283817. PMID 6775592.
^ Culp, S. (1994). "Defending Robustness: The Bacterial Mesosome as a Test Case". PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1994: 46–57. JSTOR 193010. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ Rasmussen, N. (2001). "Evolving Scientific Epistemologies and the Artifacts of Empirical Philosophy of Science: A Reply Concerning Mesosomes". Biology and Philosophy 16 (5): 627–652. doi:10.1023/A:1012038815107. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
^ Allchin, D. (2000). "The Epistemology of Error". Philosophy of Science Association Meetings, Vancouver, November. Retrieved 2008-03-08.

English Journal

Erratum to: Revisiting the Mesosome as a Novel Site of Hydrogen Peroxide Accumulation in Escherichia coli.

Xin L1, Lipeng Y2, Jiaju Q2, Hanqing F3, Yunhong L2, Min Z2, Yuxian Z2, Hongyu L4.
Current microbiology.Curr Microbiol.2016 Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID 26803508

Riccardin C derivatives cause cell leakage in Staphylococcus aureus.

Morita D1, Sawada H2, Ogawa W3, Miyachi H4, Kuroda T5.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2015 Oct;1848(10 Pt A):2057-64. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.05.008. Epub 2015 May 21.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major problem in clinical settings, and because it is resistant to most antimicrobial agents, MRSA infections are difficult to treat. We previously reported that synthetic macrocyclic bis(bibenzyl) derivatives, which were originally discovered
PMID 26003535

Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) from African songbirds (Passeriformes: Sturnidae and Laniidae).

Gustafsson DR1, Bush SE2.
Zootaxa.Zootaxa.2015 Sep 11;4013(4):503-18. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4013.4.2.
Four new species in the louse genus Brueelia Kéler, 1936 are described from African hosts of the families Sturnidae and Laniidae. They are: Brueelia rigbyi n. sp. ex Corvinella melanoleuca (Jardine, 1831), B. clara n. sp. ex Lamprotornis australis (A. Smith, 1836), B. tkachi n. sp. ex Spreo albicap
PMID 26623912

Japanese Journal

1030 Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4株の特異な細胞内構造

吉野貞藏,古川謙介
日本生物工学会大会講演要旨集平成13年度, 387, 2001-08-24
NAID 110002923280

Aenetus virescens (DOUBLEDAY)の雌雄外部生殖器と雄外部生殖器の筋肉系

上田恭一郎
蝶と蛾 33(1,2), 87-96, 1982-12-20
… 色のコウモリガAenetus virescens(DOUBLEDAY)の雌雄外部生殖器の構造および雄外部生殖器の構造および雄外部生殖器の筋肉系を図示し記載した.本種の雄外部生殖器の構造では次の形質状態が特徴的である.すなわち1)mesosomeが欠如する,2)valva下縁の中央部より先端が鋭くとがった突起が腹方へ伸びている.雄外部生殖器の筋肉系ではHepialus属およびEndoclita属と基本的な差はみられないが,vinculumとvalvaを結合するm.5が非常に発達し,大型 …
NAID 110007707830