(視床の神経核)背内側核

関: dorsal medial nucleus、dorsomedial nucleus、dorsomedial thalamic nucleus、medial dorsal nucleus、mediodorsal thalamic nucleus

WordNet

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (同)cell_nucleus, karyon
(astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail
any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
the positively charged dense center of an atom

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中心,核 / (生物の)細胞核 / 原子核

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/23 12:04:24」(JST)

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The medial dorsal nucleus (or dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus) is a large nucleus in the thalamus.

It is believed to play a role in memory.^[1]

Structure

It relays inputs from the amygdala and olfactory cortex and projects to the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system and in turn relays them to the Pre-Frontal Association Cortex. As a result, it plays a crucial role in attention, planning, organization, abstract thinking, multi-tasking, and active memory.

The connections of the medial dorsal nucleus have even been used to delineate the prefrontal cortex of the Göttingen minipig brain.^[2]

By stereology the number of brain cells in the region has been estimated to around 6.43 million neurons in the adult human brain and 36.3 million glial cells, and with the newborn having quite different numbers: around 11.2 million neurons and 10.6 million glial cells.^[3]

Function

Pain processing

While both the ventral and medial dorsal nuclei process pain, the medial dorsal nucleus bypasses primary cortices, sending their axons directly to secondary and association cortices. The cells also send axons directly to many parts of the brain, including nuclei of the limbic system such as the lateral nucleus of the amygdala, the anterior cingulate, and the hippocampus. This part of the sensory system, known as the non-classical or extralemniscal system is less accurate, and less detailed in regards to sensory signal analysis. This processing is known colloquially as "fast and dirty" rather than the "slow and accurate" system of classical or lemniscal system. This pathway activates parts of the brain that evoke emotional responses.

Clinical significance

Damage to the medial dorsal nucleus has been associated with Korsakoff's syndrome.

Additional images

Thalamus
Thalamus

References

^ Li XB, Inoue T, Nakagawa S, Koyama T (May 2004). "Effect of mediodorsal thalamic nucleus lesion on contextual fear conditioning in rats". Brain Res. 1008 (2): 261–72. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.02.038. PMID 15145764.
^ Jacob Jelsing, Anders Hay-Schmidt, Tim Dyrby, Ralf Hemmingsen, Harry B. M. Uylings, Bente Pakkenberg (2006). "The prefrontal cortex in the Göttingen minipig brain defined by neural projection criteria and cytoarchitecture". Brain Research Bulletin 70 (4–6): 322–336. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.06.009. PMID 17027768.
^ Maja Abitz, Rune Damgaard Nielsen, Edward G. Jones, Henning Laursen, Niels Graem and Bente Pakkenberg (2007). "Excess of Neurons in the Human Newborn Mediodorsal Thalamus Compared with That of the Adult". Cerebral Cortex 17 (11): 2573–2578. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl163. PMID 17218480.

Template:Aage R. Moller "Pain: Its anatomy, physiology and treatment" 2012

External links

Stained brain slice images which include the "Mediodorsal nucleus" at the BrainMaps project

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における第三脳神経（動眼神経）麻痺 third cranial nerve oculomotor nerve palsy in adults
2. 小児における第3脳神経（動眼神経）麻痺 third cranial nerve oculomotor nerve palsy in children
3. パーキンソン病の外科治療 surgical treatment of parkinson disease
4. 同名半盲 homonymous hemianopia
5. 抗核抗体染色パターンおよび関連自己抗体の臨床的意義 clinical significance of antinuclear antibody staining patterns and associated autoantibodies

English Journal

Noradrenaline and acetylcholine responsiveness of glucose-monitoring and glucose-insensitive neurons in the mediodorsal prefrontal cortex.

Nagy B1, Szabó I2, Csetényi B2, Hormay E2, Papp S2, Keresztes D2, Karádi Z2.Author information 1Pécs University, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, and Molecular Neurophysiology Research Group, Pécs University Szentágothai Research Center, Pécs, Hungary. Electronic address: bernadett.nagy@aok.pte.hu.2Pécs University, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, and Molecular Neurophysiology Research Group, Pécs University Szentágothai Research Center, Pécs, Hungary.AbstractThe mediodorsal prefrontal cortex (mdPFC), as part of the forebrain glucose-monitoring (GM) system, plays important role in several regulatory processes to control the internal state of the organism and to initiate behavioral outputs accordingly. Little is known, however, about the neurochemical sensitivity of neurons located in this area. Substantial evidence indicates that the locus ceruleus - noradrenaline (NA) projection system and the nucleus basalis magnocellularis - cholinergic projection system regulate behavioral state and state dependent processing of sensory information, various cognitive functions already associated with the mdPFC. The main goal of the present study was to examine noradrenergic and cholinergic responsiveness of glucose-monitoring and glucose-insensitive (GIS) neurons in the mediodorsal prefrontal cortex. One fifth of the neurons tested changed in firing rate to microelectrophoretically applied NA. Responsiveness of the GM cells to this catecholamine proved to be significantly higher than that of the GIS units. Microiontophoretic application of acetylcholine (Ach) resulted in activity changes (predominantly facilitation) of more than 40% of the mdPFC neurons. Proportion of Ach sensitive units among the GM and the GIS neurons was found to be similar. The glucose-monitoring neurons of the mdPFC and their distinct NA and remarkable Ach sensitivity are suggested to be of particular significance in prefrontal control of adaptive behaviors.
Brain research.Brain Res.2014 Jan 16;1543:159-64. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.014. Epub 2013 Nov 16.
The mediodorsal prefrontal cortex (mdPFC), as part of the forebrain glucose-monitoring (GM) system, plays important role in several regulatory processes to control the internal state of the organism and to initiate behavioral outputs accordingly. Little is known, however, about the neurochemical sen
PMID 24252621

Brief maternal separation affects brain α1-adrenoceptors and apoptotic signaling in adult mice.

Coccurello R, Bielawski A, Zelek-Molik A, Vetulani J, Kowalska M, D'Amato FR, Nalepa I.Author information Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR)/S. Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy.AbstractExposure to adversity during early life is a risk factor for the development of different mood and psychiatric disorders, including depressive-like behaviors. Here, neonatal mice were temporarily but repeatedly (day 1 to day 13) separated from mothers and placed in a testing environment containing a layer of odorless clean bedding (CB). We assessed in adult animals the impact of this early experience on binding sites and mRNA expression of α1-adrenergic receptor subtypes, heat shock proteins (HSPs) and proapoptotic and antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family proteins in different brain regions involved in processing of olfactory information and rewarding stimuli. We found that repeated exposure to CB experience produced anhedonic-like behavior in terms of reduced saccharin intake and α1-adrenoceptor downregulation in piriform and somatosensory cortices, hippocampus, amygdala and discrete thalamic nuclei. We also found a selective decrease of α1B-adrenoceptor binding sites in the cingulate cortex and hippocampus and an increase of hippocampal α1A and α1B receptor, but not of α1D-adrenoceptor, mRNA levels. Moreover, while a significant decrease of antiapoptotic heat shock proteins Hsp72 and Hsp90 was identified in the prefrontal cortex, a parallel increase of antiapoptotic members of Bcl-2 family proteins was found at the hippocampal level. Together, these data provide evidence that the early exposure to CB experience produced enduring downregulation of α1-adrenoceptors in the prefrontal-limbic forebrain/limbic midbrain network, which plays a key role in the processing of olfactory information and reaction to rewarding stimuli. Finally, these data show that CB experience can "prime" the hippocampal circuitry and promote the expression of antiapoptotic factors that can confer potential neuroprotection to subsequent adversity.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.2014 Jan 3;48:161-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.10.004. Epub 2013 Oct 12.
Exposure to adversity during early life is a risk factor for the development of different mood and psychiatric disorders, including depressive-like behaviors. Here, neonatal mice were temporarily but repeatedly (day 1 to day 13) separated from mothers and placed in a testing environment containing a
PMID 24128685

Impaired executive function following ischemic stroke in the rat medial prefrontal cortex.

Cordova CA, Jackson D, Langdon KD, Hewlett KA, Corbett D.Author information Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada; Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Canada.AbstractSmall (lacunar) infarcts frequently arise in frontal and midline thalamic regions in the absence of major stroke. Damage to these areas often leads to impairment of executive function likely as a result of interrupting connections of the prefrontal cortex. Thus, patients experience frontal-like symptoms such as impaired ability to shift ongoing behavior and attention. In contrast, executive dysfunction has not been demonstrated in rodent models of stroke, thereby limiting the development of potential therapies for human executive dysfunction. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) underwent either sham surgery or bilateral endothelin-1 injections in the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus or in the medial prefrontal cortex. Executive function was assessed using a rodent attention set shifting test that requires animals to shift attention to stimuli in different stimulus dimensions. Medial prefrontal cortex ischemia impaired attention shift performance between different stimulus dimensions while sparing stimulus discrimination and attention shifts within a stimulus dimension, indicating a selective attention set-shift deficit. Rats with mediodorsal thalamic lacunar damage did not exhibit a cognitive impairment relative to sham controls. The selective attention set shift impairment observed in this study is consistent with clinical data demonstrating selective executive disorders following stroke within specific sub-regions of frontal cortex. These data contribute to the development and validation of a preclinical animal model of executive dysfunction, that can be employed to identify potential therapies for ameliorating cognitive deficits following stroke.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2014 Jan 1;258:106-11. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.022. Epub 2013 Oct 19.
Small (lacunar) infarcts frequently arise in frontal and midline thalamic regions in the absence of major stroke. Damage to these areas often leads to impairment of executive function likely as a result of interrupting connections of the prefrontal cortex. Thus, patients experience frontal-like symp
PMID 24144544

Japanese Journal

視床と情動 (特集視床と高次脳機能)

Brain and nerve : 神経研究の進歩 67(12), 1499-1508, 2015-12
NAID 40020662425

記憶の神経解剖学的ネットワークと健忘 : 視床からの視点 (特集視床と高次脳機能)

Brain and nerve : 神経研究の進歩 67(12), 1481-1494, 2015-12
NAID 40020662402

Thalamic mediodorsal nucleus and its participation in spatial working memory processes: comparison with the prefrontal cortex

Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 7, 2013-07-31
NAID 120005306994

「dorsal medial nucleus」

Brain: Medial dorsal nucleus
	Thalamic nuclei:; MNG = Midline nuclear group; AN = Anterior nuclear group; MD = Medial dorsal nucleus; VNG = Ventral nuclear group; VA = Ventral anterior nucleus; VL = Ventral lateral nucleus; VPL = Ventral posterolateral nucleus; VPM = Ventral posteromedial nucleus; LNG = Lateral nuclear group; PUL = Pulvinar; MTh = Metathalamus; LG = Lateral geniculate nucleus; MG = Medial geniculate nucleus;
	Thalamic nuclei
Latin	nucleus mediodorsalis thalami
NeuroNames	hier-295
MeSH	mediodorsal+thalamic+nucleus
NeuroLex ID	birnlex_1543

　　[★]

背内側核、背側内側核

関: dorsomedial nucleus、dorsomedial thalamic nucleus、medial dorsal nucleus、mediodorsal nucleus、mediodorsal thalamic nucleus

「medial dorsal nucleus」

　　[★]

背内側核

関: dorsal medial nucleus、dorsomedial nucleus、dorsomedial thalamic nucleus、mediodorsal nucleus、mediodorsal thalamic nucleus

「dorsomedial thalamic nucleus」

　　[★]

視床背内側核

関: dorsal medial nucleus、dorsomedial nucleus、medial dorsal nucleus、mediodorsal nucleus、mediodorsal thalamic nucleus

「mediodorsal thalamic nucleus」

　　[★]