WordNet

a brief treatise on a subject of interest; published in the form of a booklet (同)pamphlet
an extended area of land (同)piece of land, piece of ground, parcel of land, parcel
a system of body parts that together serve some particular purpose
a drawing created by superimposing a semitransparent sheet of paper on the original image and copying on it the lines of the original image (同)trace
the act of drawing a plan or diagram or outline
the discovery and description of the course of development of something; "the tracing of genealogies"
dividing an animal into right and left halves (同)median

PrepTutorEJDIC

広大な土地(地域),(土地・海・空などの)広がり《+of+名》 / (器官の)管,(神経の)索
(おもに宗教・政治などの宣伝用の)小冊子,パンフレット
跡を追うこと,追跡;透写,複写 / 〈C〉 / 透写(複写)によってできたもの(地図・図案など),透写図
中間の,中間に位置する / 平均の,並なみの
mediumの複数形

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/12 00:23:23」(JST)

wiki en

The medial vestibulospinal tract is one of the descending spinal tracts of the ventromedial funiculus of the spinal cord. It is found only in the cervical spine and above.

The medial part of the vestibulospinal tract is the smaller part, and is primarily made of fibers from the medial vestibular nucleus. It projects bilaterally down the spinal cord and triggers the ventral horn of the cervical spinal circuits, particularly controlling lower motor neurons associated with the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI). Additionally, the pathway projects superiorly to the paramedian pontine reticular formation, indirectly innervating the nuclei of CN VI and III. Through this superior projection, the medial vestibulospinal tract is involved in "yoking" the eyes together in response to rapid movement of the head. Thus, cumulatively it controls head and whole body orientation.

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English Journal

Recovery of static stability following a concussion.

Powers KC, Kalmar JM, Cinelli ME.Author information Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.AbstractThe purpose of this study was to use centre of pressure (COP) measurements to determine if static balance deficits had recovered when concussed athletes were cleared to return to play. Nine concussed varsity football players were matched with nine teammates who served as controls. Static balance in the anterior-posterior (A/P) and medial-lateral (M/L) directions was assessed during quiet stance with eyes open and eyes closed. Results showed that concussed football players displayed greater A/P COP displacements in the acute phase, which recovered by RTP; however, COP velocity remained elevated compared to controls even at RTP, particularly in the A/P direction. This balance control deficit in the A/P direction may suggest vestibular impairment, likely due to poor sensorimotor integration of the lateral vestibulospinal tract. The observed persistence of balance control deficits in concussed football players at RTP are usually undetected by traditional assessments because the current study used higher-order COP analysis. Future RTP balance measures may want to incorporate higher-order measures of balance.
Gait & posture.Gait Posture.2014 Jan;39(1):611-4. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.05.026. Epub 2013 Jun 25.
The purpose of this study was to use centre of pressure (COP) measurements to determine if static balance deficits had recovered when concussed athletes were cleared to return to play. Nine concussed varsity football players were matched with nine teammates who served as controls. Static balance in
PMID 23810088

Neurotransmitter phenotypes of descending systems in the rat lumbar spinal cord.

Du Beau A, Shakya Shrestha S, Bannatyne BA, Jalicy SM, Linnen S, Maxwell DJ.Author information Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.AbstractDescending systems from the brain exert a major influence over sensory and motor processes within the spinal cord. Although it is known that many descending systems have an excitatory effect on spinal neurons, there are still gaps in our knowledge regarding the transmitter phenotypes used by them. In this study we investigated transmitter phenotypes of axons in the corticospinal tract (CST); the rubrospinal tract (RST); the lateral component of the vestibulospinal tract (VST); and the reticulospinal tract (ReST). They were labelled anterogradely by stereotaxic injection of the b subunit of cholera toxin (CTb) into the motor cortex, red nucleus, lateral vestibular nucleus and medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF) to label CST, RST, VST and ReST axons respectively. Neurotransmitter content of labelled axons was investigated in lumbar segments by using immunoflurescence; antibodies against vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1 and VGLUT2) were used to identify glutamatergic terminals and the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) was used to identify GABA- and glycinergic terminals. The results show that almost all CST (96%) axons contain VGLUT1 whereas almost all RST (97%) and VST (97%) axons contain VGLUT2. Although the majority of ReST axons contain VGLUT2 (59%), a sizable minority contains VGAT (20%) and most of these terminals can be subdivided into those that are GABAergic or those that are glycinergic because only limited evidence for co-localisation was found for the two transmitters. In addition, there is a population of ReST terminals that apparently does not contain markers for the transmitters tested and is not serotoninergic. We can conclude that the CST, RST and VST are 'pure' excitatory systems whereas the ReST consists of a heterogeneous population of excitatory and inhibitory axons. It is anticipated that this information will enable inputs to spinal networks to be defined with greater confidence.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2012 Dec 27;227:67-79. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.037. Epub 2012 Sep 24.
Descending systems from the brain exert a major influence over sensory and motor processes within the spinal cord. Although it is known that many descending systems have an excitatory effect on spinal neurons, there are still gaps in our knowledge regarding the transmitter phenotypes used by them. I
PMID 23018001

Japanese Journal

水平半規管系前庭脊髄路ニューロンの軸索投射様式 : 耳石器系との比較も含めて

杉田明美,北島尚治,肥塚泉,内野善生
Equilibrium research 64(1), 12-21, 2005-02-01
… We studied the properties of horizontal semicircular canal (HC) nerve-activated vestibulospinal neurons, which include vestibulo-spinal (VS) and vestibulo-oculo-spinal (VOS) neurons. … Axonal pathways, projection levels, and locations of HC nerveactivated vestibulospinal neurons were studied. … HC nerve-activated vestibulospinal neurons were mainly located in the ventral portion of the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei, and the middle portion of the descending nucleus. …
NAID 130000859237

後半規管入力を受ける前庭脊髄路ニューロンの軸索投射様式

荻原晃,内野善生,佐藤斎,蒙暉,鈴木衞
Equilibrium research 59(6), 579-585, 2000-12-01
… Axonal pathways and the projection levels of posterior-semicircular canal (PC)-ac-tivated vestibulospinal neurons were studied in decerebrated and anesthetized cats. … Two monopolar electrodes were inserted into the lateral vestibulospinal tract (LVST) and medial vestibulospinal tract (MVST) to determine the pathway of axons. …
NAID 10009417629