manitou

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マニトウ(アメリカインディアンの崇拝する超自然力を持つ霊・神)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/24 00:11:44」(JST)

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The word "manitou" (in both Cree and Ojibwe) written in Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics.

Manitou is the spiritual and fundamental life force understood by Algonquian groups of Native Americans. It is omnipresent and manifests everywhere: organisms, the environment, events, etc.^[1] Aashaa monetoo = “good spirit”, otshee monetoo = “bad spirit”. The Great Spirit, Aasha Monetoo, gave the land, when the world was created, to the Natives (in particular, the Shawnee).^[2]

The term was already widespread at the time of European contact. In 1585 when Thomas Harriot recorded the first glossary of an Algonquian language, Roanoke (Pamlico), he included the word mantóac, meaning “gods” (plural). Similar terms are found in nearly all of the Algonquian languages.

In some Algonquian traditions, the term gitche manitou is used to refer to a “great spirit” or supreme being. The term was similarly adopted by some Anishnaabe Christian groups, such as the Ojibwe, to refer to the monotheistic God of Abrahamic tradition by extension, often due to missionary syncretism. However, the term has analogues dating back before European contact, and the word uses of gitche and manitou would have been precontact.

In the shamanistic traditions, the manitous (or manidoog or manidoowag) are connected to achieve a desired effect, like plant manitous for healing or the buffalo manitou for a good hunt.^{[citation needed]} In the Anishinaabeg tradition, manidoowag are one aspect of the Great Connection. Related terms used by the Anishinaabeg are manidoowish for small animal manidoowag and manidoons for insects; both terms mean "little spirit". In some Algonquian languages such as Iynu (Montagnais) the word manituw refers to underwater creatures to whom hunters offered tobacco in order to appease them when traveling through their territories.^[3]

The name of the Canadian province of Manitoba, named after Lake Manitoba in the province, derives from the place name manitou-wapow, “strait of the Manitou” in Cree or Ojibwe, referring to the strange sound of waves crashing against rocks near The Narrows of the lake.^[4] In Manitoba there are the petroforms of Whiteshell Provincial Park, and the Anishinabe Midewiwin refer to an area there as Manitou Ahbee. The petroforms are symbols made with rocks, and they serve as reminders of the instructions that have been given to the Anishinabe by the Creator. The Midewiwin, or Grand Medicine Society, are dedicated to the pursuit of knowledge. To them, the area containing the petroforms is Manito Ahbee, the place where God sits. It is the site where the original Anishinabe was lowered from the sky to the ground by the Creator.

Manitoulin Island means "spirit island". This island is considered very important to the Ojibway, or Anishinaabe, with many sacred sites and sounding rocks. There is still a high population of native peoples on the island today.

The Fox Indians believed that the manitou dwelled in the stones of the sweat lodge. On heating the stove, the heat of the fire made manitou to come out from its place in the stones. Then it proceeds out of the stones when water is sprinkled on them. It comes out in the steam and enters the body. It moves all over inside the body, driving out everything that inflicts pain. Before the manitou returns to the stone, it imparts some of its nature to the body. That is why one feels so well after having been in the sweat lodge.^[5]

References

^ Bragdon, Kathleen J. 2001. The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Northeast. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 18.
^ The life of Tecumseh
^ http://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/dictionary/
^ The Origin of the Name Manitoba^{[dead link]}. Province of Manitoba. Retrieved on 15 April 2007
^ Native American Sweat Lodge

English Journal

Bioaccumulation of selenium by the Bryophyte Hygrohypnum ochraceum in the Fountain Creek Watershed, Colorado.

Herrmann SJ1, Turner JA, Carsella JS, Lehmpuhl DW, Nimmo DR.Author information 1Colorado State University, Pueblo, CO, USA.AbstractAquatic bryophytes, Hygrohypnum ochraceum, were deployed "in situ" at 14 sites in the Fountain Creek Watershed, spring and fall, 2007 to study selenium (Se) accumulation. Dissolved, total, and pore (sediment derived) water samples were collected and water quality parameters determined while plants were exposed to the water for 10 days. There was a trend showing plant tissue-Se uptake with distance downstream and we found a strong correlation between Se in the water with total hardness in both seasons. There was a modest association between Se-uptake in plants with hardness in the spring of 2007 but not the fall. Plants bioconcentrated Se from the water by a factor of 5.8 × 10(3) at Green Mountain Falls and 1.5 × 10(4) at Manitou Springs in the fall of 2007. Both are examples of the bioconcentration abilities of the plants, primarily in the upper reaches of the watershed where bioconcentration factors were highest. However, the mean minima and maxima of Se in the plants in each of the three watershed segments appeared similar during both seasons. We found direct relationships between the pore and dissolved Se in water in the spring (R (2) = 0.84) and fall (R (2) = 0.95) and dissolved Se and total hardness in the spring and fall (R (2) = 0.92). The data indicate that H. ochraceum was a suitable indicator of Se bioavailability and Se uptake in other trophic levels in the Fountain Creek Watershed based on a subsequent study of Se accumulation in fish tissues at all 14 sites.
Environmental management.Environ Manage.2012 Dec;50(6):1111-24. doi: 10.1007/s00267-012-9947-x. Epub 2012 Sep 28.
Aquatic bryophytes, Hygrohypnum ochraceum, were deployed "in situ" at 14 sites in the Fountain Creek Watershed, spring and fall, 2007 to study selenium (Se) accumulation. Dissolved, total, and pore (sediment derived) water samples were collected and water quality parameters determined while plants w
PMID 23052476

Wheat CBF gene family: identification of polymorphisms in the CBF coding sequence.

Mohseni S1, Che H, Djillali Z, Dumont E, Nankeu J, Danyluk J.Author information 1Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.AbstractExpression of cold-regulated genes needed for protection against freezing stress is mediated, in part, by the CBF transcription factor family. Previous studies with temperate cereals suggested that the CBF gene family in wheat was large, and that CBF genes were at the base of an important low temperature tolerance trait. Therefore, the goal of our study was to identify the CBF repertoire in the freezing-tolerant hexaploid wheat cultivar Norstar, and then to examine if the coding region of CBF genes in two spring cultivars contain polymorphisms that could affect the protein sequence and structure. Our analyses reveal that hexaploid wheat contains a complex CBF family consisting of at least 65 CBF genes of which 60 are known to be expressed in the cultivar Norstar. They represent 27 paralogous genes with 1-3 homeologous copies for the A, B, and D genomes. The cultivar Norstar contains two pseudogenes and at least 24 additional proteins having sequences and (or) structures that deviate from the consensus in the conserved AP2 DNA-binding and (or) C-terminal activation-domains. This suggests that in cultivars such as Norstar, low temperature tolerance may be increased through breeding of additional optimal alleles. The examination of the CBF repertoire present in the two spring cultivars, Chinese Spring and Manitou, reveals that they have additional polymorphisms affecting conserved positions in these domains. Understanding the effects of these polymorphisms will provide additional information for the selection of optimum CBF alleles in Triticeae breeding programs.
Genome / National Research Council Canada = Génome / Conseil national de recherches Canada.Genome.2012 Dec;55(12):865-81. doi: 10.1139/gen-2012-0112. Epub 2012 Dec 5.
Expression of cold-regulated genes needed for protection against freezing stress is mediated, in part, by the CBF transcription factor family. Previous studies with temperate cereals suggested that the CBF gene family in wheat was large, and that CBF genes were at the base of an important low temper
PMID 23231605

"Challenging the Pathophysiologic Connection between Subdural Hematoma, Retinal Hemorrhage, and Shaken Baby Syndrome".

Gardner HB.
The western journal of emergency medicine.West J Emerg Med.2012 Dec;13(6):535. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2012.3.12053.
PMID 23359631

Japanese Journal

F.Scott Fitzgerald とアメリカ : 作品に現れた場所

龍谷大學論集 474/475, 289-304, 2010-01-30
NAID 110008721294

Related Pictures

Manitou has issued its top line Used Manitou MLT 735 120 LSU PS in Airdrie Manitou | Photothèque de Planète TP Image Manitou maniscopic #74167 MANITOU MLT 840-137 PS Materials Handling manitou-735120 File:Manitou MLT 741-120 LSU at EofES 2010 погрузчики Manitou

[1] Bragdon, Kathleen J. 2001. The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Northeast. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 18.

[2] The life of Tecumseh

[3] ttp://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/dictionary/

[4] The Origin of the Name Manitoba^{[dead link]}. Province of Manitoba. Retrieved on 15 April 2007

[5] Native American Sweat Lodge

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