manganese steel

　

WordNet

1. a steel with a relatively large component (10-14%) of manganese; highly resistant to wear and shock (同)austenitic manganese steel
2. cover, plate, or edge with steel
3. an alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon; widely used in construction; mechanical properties can be varied over a wide range
4. knife sharpener consisting of a ridged steel rod
5. get ready for something difficult or unpleasant (同)nerve
6. a hard brittle grey polyvalent metallic element that resembles iron but is not magnetic; used in making steel; occurs in many minerals (同)Mn, atomic number 25

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉『鋼鉄』,鋼(はがね)(炭素を含む鉄) / 〈U〉〈C〉『鋼鉄製品』;刀,剣;《文》武器 / 鋼鉄でできた / (色・堅そ・強さなどが)鋼のような / …‘に'鋼鉄をかぶせる / (鋼鉄のように)〈心〉‘を'かたくナにする,冷酷にする
2. マンガン(金属元素;化学記号は『Mn』)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/31 09:51:07」(JST)

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Label on a bicycle frame indicating mangalloy

Mangalloy, also called manganese steel or Hadfield steel, is a steel alloy containing an average of around 13% manganese. Mangalloy is known for its high impact strength and resistance to abrasion once in its work-hardened state.

Material properties

Mangalloy is made by alloying steel, containing 0.8 to 1.25% carbon, with 11 to 15% manganese. Mangalloy is a unique non-magnetic steel with extreme anti-wear properties. The material is very resistant to abrasion and will achieve up to three times its surface hardness during conditions of impact, without any increase in brittleness which is usually associated with hardness. This allows mangalloy to retain its toughness.

Most steels contain 0.15 to 0.8% manganese. High strength alloys often contain 1 to 1.8% manganese. At about 1.5% manganese content, the steel becomes brittle, and this trait increases until about 4 to 5% manganese content is reached. At this point, the steel will pulverize at the strike of a hammer. Further increase in the manganese content will increase both hardness and ductility. At around 10% manganese content the steel will remain in its austenite form at room temperature if cooled correctly. Both hardness and ductility reach their highest points around 12%, depending on other alloying agents.

Mangalloy has been used in the mining industry, cement mixers, rock crushers, railway switches and crossings, crawler treads for tractors and other high impact and abrasive environments. It is also used in high impact environments like inside a shot peening machine. These alloys are finding new uses as cryogenic steels, due to their high strength at very low temperatures. Mangalloy is heat treatable, but the manganese lowers the temperature at which austenite transforms into ferrite. Most grades are ready for use after annealing and then quenching from a yellow heat, with no further need of tempering, and usually have a normal Brinell hardness of around 200 HB, (roughly the same as 304 stainless steel), but, due to its unique properties, this number has very little effect on determining the abrasion and impact resistance of the metal.

Many of mangalloy's uses are often limited by its difficulty in machining. The metal cannot be softened by annealing, and usually requires special tooling to machine. The material can be drilled with extreme difficulty using diamond or carbide. Although it can be forged from a yellow heat, it may crumble if hammered when white-hot, and is much tougher than carbon steel when heated. It can be cut with an oxy-acetylene torch, but plasma or laser cutting is the preferred method. Despite its extreme hardness and tensile strength, the material may not always be rigid. It can be formed by cold rolling or cold bending.

History

World War I Brodie helmet, made from Hadfield steel

In 1816, a German researcher noted that adding fairly large amounts of manganese to iron would increase its hardness without affecting its malleability and toughness, but the mix was not homogeneous and the results of the experiment were not considered to be reliable. The abundance of manganese in the iron ore used by the Spartans helped to produce a sword tougher than those of their military opponents. In 1860, Sir Henry Bessemer, trying to perfect his Bessemer process of steel making, found that adding manganese and carbon to the steel after it was blown helped to remove excess sulfur and oxygen. Sulfur combines with iron to form a sulfide that has a lower melting point than steel, causing weak spots, which prevented hot rolling. Manganese is usually alloyed with most modern steels because of its powerful ability to remove sulfur, phosphorus and oxygen, which are all common impurities in steel. Mangalloy was the first alloy created from carbon steel, also called Hadfield steel after its British inventor, Sir Robert Hadfield, in 1882.

Hadfield was in search of a steel that could be used for casting which would exhibit both hardness and toughness, since ordinary carbon steels do not combine those properties. Steel can be hardened by rapid cooling, but loses its toughness, becoming brittle. Steel castings can not usually be cooled rapidly, for irregular shapes can warp or crack. Mangalloy proved to be extremely suitable for casting, as it did not form gas pockets called "blow-holes", and did not display the extreme brittleness of other castings.

Upon creating mangalloy, Hadfield tested the material, thinking that the results must have been erroneous. After performing several hundred tests, he realized that they must be accurate, although the reason for the combination of hardness and toughness defied any explanation at the time. Hadfield wrote, "Is there any case similar to this among other alloys of iron, if the term alloy may be used? No metallurgical treatise refers to them;...Possibly when the nature of the laws governing alloys is better understood, this will be found to be only one of other cases,..."

References

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English Journal

• Removal of phosphorus, fluoride and metals from a gypsum mining leachate using steel slag filters.

• Claveau-Mallet D, Wallace S, Comeau Y.SourcePolytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7. Electronic address: dominique.claveau-mallet@polymtl.ca.
• Water research.Water Res.2013 Mar 15;47(4):1512-20. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.048. Epub 2012 Dec 21.
• The objective of this work was to evaluate the capacity of steel slag filters to treat a gypsum mining leachate containing 11-107 mg P/L ortho-phosphates, 9-37 mg/L fluoride, 0.24-0.83 mg/L manganese, 0.20-3.3 zinc and 1.7-8.2 mg/L aluminum. Column tests fed with reconstituted leachates were co
• PMID 23305683

• Nanoscale surface analysis on second generation advanced high strength steel after hot dip galvanizing.

• Arndt M, Duchoslav J, Preis K, Samek L, Stifter D.SourceZentrum für Oberflächen- und Nanoanalytik (ZONA) und Christian Doppler Labor für mikroskopische und spektroskopische Materialcharakterisierung (CDL-MS-MACH), Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria, martin.arndt@jku.at.
• Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.Anal Bioanal Chem.2013 Feb 13. [Epub ahead of print]
• Second generation advanced high strength steel is one promising material of choice for modern automotive structural parts because of its outstanding maximal elongation and tensile strength. Nonetheless there is still a lack of corrosion protection for this material due to the fact that cost efficien
• PMID 23404132

• Surface-protein interactions on different stainless steel grades: effects of protein adsorption, surface changes and metal release.

• Hedberg Y, Wang X, Hedberg J, Lundin M, Blomberg E, Odnevall Wallinder I.SourceDivision of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden, yolanda@kth.se.
• Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.J Mater Sci Mater Med.2013 Feb 2. [Epub ahead of print]
• Implantation using stainless steels (SS) is an example where an understanding of protein-induced metal release from SS is important when assessing potential toxicological risks. Here, the protein-induced metal release was investigated for austenitic (AISI 304, 310, and 316L), ferritic (AISI 430), an
• PMID 23378148

Japanese Journal

• 5%Mn-Cr-C系オーステナイト鋼の合金設計

• 塚原 大和,増村 拓朗,土山 聡宏,高木 節雄,中島 孝一,長谷 和邦,遠藤 茂
• Tetsu-to-Hagane 99(8), 509-516, 2013
• … The range of chemical composition for obtaining austenitic single structure was defined in medium-manganese carbon steels. … In the 0.8%C steel, deformation-induced martensitic transformation as well as deformation twinning caused large work hardening until fracture took place. … This trend seems to be similar to conventional TWIP steel where the work hardening behavior is explained with SFE. …
• NAID 130003372556

• Thermodynamics of AlN Formation in High Manganese-Aluminum Alloyed Liquid Steels

• Paek Min-Kyu,Jang Jung-Mock,Jiang Min,Pak Jong-Jin
• ISIJ International 53(6), 973-978, 2013
• … The AlN solubility product in liquid iron containing manganese up to 22 mass% were measured by the metal-nitride-gas equilibration technique in the temperature range from 1823 to 1873 K. … Manganese significantly increased the AlN solubility product in liquid iron primarily due to the large effect of manganese on the nitrogen solubility. …
• NAID 130003366189

• Characterization and Modeling of Manganese Effect on Strength and Strain Hardening of Martensitic Carbon Steels

• Arlazarov Artem,Bouaziz Olivier,Hazotte Alain,Gouné Mohamed,Allain Sébastien
• ISIJ International 53(6), 1076-1080, 2013
• … Carbon and manganese combined effect on the mechanical behavior of martensite was characterized and analyzed using literature and new experimental data of various carbon-manganese steels. … A synergy effect of carbon and manganese on the martenstite strength and strain hardening was detected and was then taken into account in a specific way in the simplified model, based on a Continuous Composite Approach. …
• NAID 130003366179

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• Manganeseとは - goo Wikipedia (ウィキペディア)

... Tweedale, Geoffrey (1985). "Sir Robert Abbott Hadfield F.R.S. (1858–1940), and the Discovery of Manganese Steel Geoffrey Tweedale". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 40 (1): 63–74. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1985. . ...

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「steel」

「steel」

　　[★]

• n.

• 鋼鉄、鉄

• adj.
• v.