WordNet

not arising from natural growth or characterized by vital processes
artificially formal; "that artificial humility that her husband hated"; "contrived coyness"; "a stilted letter of acknowledgment"; "when people try to correct their speech they develop a stilted pronunciation" (同)contrived, hokey, stilted
contrived by art rather than nature; "artificial flowers"; "artificial flavoring"; "an artificial diamond"; "artificial fibers"; "artificial sweeteners" (同)unreal
a threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order; "humans have 22 chromosome pairs plus two sex chromosomes"
of or relating to the class Mammalia

PrepTutorEJDIC

『人造の』,『人工の』,人為的な / 模造の / 不自然な,見せかけの
染色体

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1. 先天性の細胞遺伝学的異常 congenital cytogenetic abnormalities
2. 男性不妊症の治療 treatment of male infertility
3. 骨髄異形成症候群における細胞遺伝学および分子遺伝学 cytogenetics and molecular genetics of myelodysplastic syndromes
4. 成人におけるフィラデルフィア染色体陰性急性リンパ芽球性白血病に対する導入療法 induction therapy for philadelphia chromosome negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults
5. 終末期の人工栄養および水分補給の停止 stopping artificial nutrition and hydration at the end of life

English Journal

Distribution of MT1 Melatonin Receptor Promoter-Driven RFP Expression in the Brains of BAC C3H/HeN Transgenic Mice.

Adamah-Biassi E, Zhang Y, Jung H, Vissapragada S, Miller R, Dubocovich M.Author information Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY (EBAB, YZ, SV, MLD).AbstractThe pineal hormone melatonin activates two G-protein coupled receptors (MT1 and MT2) to regulate in part biological functions. The MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors are heterogeneously distributed in the mammalian brain including humans. In the mouse, only a few reports have assessed the expression of the MT1 melatonin receptor expression using 2-iodomelatonin binding, in situ hybridization and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Here, we described a transgenic mouse in which red fluorescence protein (RFP) is expressed under the control of the endogenous MT1 promoter, by inserting RFP cDNA at the start codon of MTNR1a gene within a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and expressing this construct as a transgene. The expression of RFP in the brain of this mouse was examined either directly under a fluorescent microscope or immunohistochemically using an antibody against RFP (RFP-MT1). RFP-MT1 expression was observed in many brain regions including the subcommissural organ, parts of the ependyma lining the lateral and third ventricles, the aqueduct, the hippocampus, the cerebellum, the pars tuberalis, the habenula and the habenula commissure. This RFP-MT1 transgenic model provides a unique tool for studying the distribution of the MT1 receptor in the brain of mice, its cell-specific expression and its function in vivo.
The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society.J Histochem Cytochem.2014 Jan;62(1):70-84. doi: 10.1369/0022155413507453. Epub 2013 Sep 18.
The pineal hormone melatonin activates two G-protein coupled receptors (MT1 and MT2) to regulate in part biological functions. The MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors are heterogeneously distributed in the mammalian brain including humans. In the mouse, only a few reports have assessed the expression of
PMID 24051358

Highly stable maintenance of a mouse artificial chromosome in human cells and mice.

Kazuki K, Takehara S, Uno N, Imaoka N, Abe S, Takiguchi M, Hiramatsu K, Oshimura M, Kazuki Y.Author information Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan; Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.AbstractHuman artificial chromosomes (HACs) and mouse artificial chromosomes (MACs) display several advantages as gene delivery vectors, such as stable episomal maintenance that avoids insertional mutations and the ability to carry large gene inserts including the regulatory elements. Previously, we showed that a MAC vector developed from a natural mouse chromosome by chromosome engineering was more stably maintained in adult tissues and hematopoietic cells in mice than HAC vectors. In this study, to expand the utility for a gene delivery vector in human cells and mice, we investigated the long-term stability of the MACs in cultured human cells and transchromosomic mice. We also investigated the chromosomal copy number-dependent expression of genes on the MACs in mice. The MAC was stably maintained in human HT1080 cells in vitro during long-term culture. The MAC was stably maintained at least to the F8 and F4 generations in ICR and C57BL/6 backgrounds, respectively. The MAC was also stably maintained in hematopoietic cells and tissues derived from old mice. Transchromosomic mice containing two or four copies of the MAC were generated by breeding. The DNA contents were comparable to the copy number of the MACs in each tissue examined, and the expression of the EGFP gene on the MAC was dependent on the chromosomal copy number. Therefore, the MAC vector may be useful not only for gene delivery in mammalian cells but also for animal transgenesis.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2013 Dec 6;442(1-2):44-50. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.171. Epub 2013 Nov 9.
Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) and mouse artificial chromosomes (MACs) display several advantages as gene delivery vectors, such as stable episomal maintenance that avoids insertional mutations and the ability to carry large gene inserts including the regulatory elements. Previously, we showed
PMID 24216103

Efficient generation of recombinant RNA viruses using targeted recombination-mediated mutagenesis of bacterial artificial chromosomes containing full-length cDNA.

Rasmussen TB, Risager PC, Fahnøe U, Friis MB, Belsham GJ, Höper D, Reimann I, Beer M.AbstractBACKGROUND: Infectious cDNA clones are a prerequisite for directed genetic manipulation of RNA viruses. Here, a strategy to facilitate manipulation and rescue of classical swine fever viruses (CSFVs) from full-length cDNAs present within bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) is described. This strategy allows manipulation of viral cDNA by targeted recombination-mediated mutagenesis within bacteria.
BMC genomics.BMC Genomics.2013 Nov 22;14(1):819. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Infectious cDNA clones are a prerequisite for directed genetic manipulation of RNA viruses. Here, a strategy to facilitate manipulation and rescue of classical swine fever viruses (CSFVs) from full-length cDNAs present within bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) is described. This str
PMID 24262008

Japanese Journal

Construction of a luciferase reporter system to monitor osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by using a mammalian artificial chromosome vector

Narai Takashi,Katoh Motonobu,Inoue Toshiaki,Taniguchi Makoto,Kazuki Kanako,Kazuki Yasuhiro,Sato Kenzo,Kodani Isamu,Ryoke Kazuo,Oshimura Mitsuo
Yonago Acta medica 58(1), 23-29, 2015-03
NAID 120005596729

A human artificial chromosome recapitulates the metabolism of native telomeres in mammalian cells.

Wakai Michihito,Abe Satoshi,Kazuki Yasuhiro,Oshimura Mitsuo,Ishikawa Fuyuki
PloS one 9(2), 2014-02-18
… To circumvent this problem, we have exploited a human artificial chromosome (HAC#21) derived from human chromosome 21 (hChr21). …
NAID 120005466681

Generation of stable engineered chromosomes in soybean

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Plant Biotechnology 30(5), 455-464, 2013
… The system is based on the establishment of a unique genetic locus within the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) region of the host chromosome to provide a permissive environment for expression of the introduced genes of interest (GOI). … The genetic locus can exist within an independent, fully functional "minichromosome" (MC) or as a segment of a modified host chromosome (termed Engineered Trait Locus or ETL). …
NAID 130003382502