WordNet

travel or traverse (a distance); "This car does 150 miles per hour"; "We did 6 miles on our hike every day"
the syllable naming the first (tonic) note of any major scale in solmization (同)doh, ut
proceed or get along; "How is she doing in her new job?"; "How are you making out in graduate school?"; "Hes come a long way" (同)fare, make_out, come, get along
create or design, often in a certain way; "Do my room in blue"; "I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest" (同)make
carry on or function; "We could do with a little more help around here" (同)manage
get (something) done; "I did my job" (同)perform
treat with an agent; add (an agent) to; "The ray dosed the paint"
the quantity of an active agent (substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed at any one time (同)dosage
a measured portion of medicine taken at any one time (同)dosage
means of maintenance of a family or group
the unauthorized interference in a legal action by a person having no interest in it (as by helping one party with money or otherwise to continue the action) so as to obstruct justice or promote unnecessary litigation or unsettle the peace of the community; "unlike champerty, criminal maintenance does not necessarily involve personal profit" (同)criminal maintenance
treated with some kind of application; "a mustache dosed with bear grease"

PrepTutorEJDIC

《疑問文・否定文を作る》 / 《否定命令文を作る》 / 《助動詞とbe動詞のどちらも含まない文に用いて付加疑問を作る》 / 《強意語として》 / 《文》《助動詞とbe動詞のどちらも含まない文に用いて倒置文を作る》 / 《あいづちを打つ場合に》 / 《先行する動詞またはそれを含む述部の代用》 / 《so,nor,neitherで始まる簡略文で》 / …‘を'『する』,行う,果たす / 《通例have done,時にbe doneの形で》…‘を'『終える』,済ませる / …‘を'作る,作り出す / …‘を'『処理する』,整える,片付ける / 〈学課〉‘を'『勉強する』,専攻する / 〈利益・害など〉‘を'与える,もたらす / 〈人〉‘に'『役立つ』,用が足りる(serve) / …の速度で進む,距離を行く / …‘を'見物する / 〈劇〉‘を'上演する;…‘の'役を演じる / …の役目(仕事)をする / 《おもに英》…‘を'だます,かつぐ / 《話》…をへとへとにさせる / 『する』;活動する / 《通例have done,時にbe doneの形で》(…を)『終える』,済ます《+『with』+『名』》 / 〈事が〉『運ぶ』;〈人が〉暮らしていく,健康である / 〈物が〉(…に)『間に合う』,十分である;〈人が〉(…に)役に立つ,向く《+『for』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》すべきこと / 〈C〉《おもに英》大宴会,大パーティー / 〈C〉《英話》詐欺,ぺてん
ド(全音階の第1音)
(おもに飲み薬1回分の)『服用量』 / (痛いこと・いやなことの)1回分,一定量 / (人などが受ける放射線の)線量 / 性病 / (…を)…‘に'投薬する,服用させる《+『名』+『with』+『名』》
(…の)維持,持続,保全,保守[管理]《+『of』+『名』》 / (…の)維持(持続)された状態《+『of』+『名』》 / 維持費,生活費

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/09 16:42:03」(JST)

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A maintenance dose is the maintenance rate [mg/h] of drug administration equal to the rate of elimination at steady state. This is not to be confused with a dose regimen, which is a type of drug therapy in which the dose [mg] of a drug is given at a regular dosing interval on a repetitive basis. Continuing the maintenance dose for about 4 to 5 half lives (t_½) of the drug will approximate the steady state level.^[1] One or more doses higher than the maintenance dose can be given together at the beginning of therapy with a loading dose.^[2]

A loading dose is most useful for drugs that are eliminated from the body relatively slowly. Such drugs need only a low maintenance dose in order to keep the amount of the drug in the body at the appropriate level, but this also means that, without an initial higher dose, it would take a long time for the amount of the drug in the body to reach that level.

Calculating the maintenance dose

The required maintenance dose may be calculated as:

Where:

MD	is the maintenance dose rate [mg/h]
C_p	= desired peak concentration of drug [mg/L]
CL	= clearance of drug in body [L/h]
F	= bioavailability

For an intravenously administered drug, the bioavailability F will equal 1, since the drug is directly introduced to the bloodstream. If the patient requires an oral dose, bioavailability will be less than 1 (depending upon absorption, first pass metabolism etc.), requiring a larger loading dose.

References

^ Houglum, Joel; Harrelson, Gary (2010). Principles of Pharmacology for Athletic Trainers. SLACK Incorporated. p. 51. ISBN 1-55642-901-0. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
^ "Cp vs time - iv infusion with loading dose".

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 妊娠中のメサドン維持療法 methadone maintenance therapy during pregnancy
2. ジゴキシンによる治療：初回投与、モニタリング、および用量変更 treatment with digoxin initial dosing monitoring and dose modification
3. びまん性または巣状増殖性ループス腎炎の治療 therapy of diffuse or focal proliferative lupus nephritis
4. 多発血管炎性肉芽腫症および顕微鏡的多発血管炎を伴う肉芽腫症における維持免疫抑制療法 maintenance immunosuppressive therapy in granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis
5. 小児および思春期におけるクローン病マネージメントの概要 overview of the management of crohn disease in children and adolescents

English Journal

Sex differences in cocaine conditioned place preference in C57BL/6J mice.

Hilderbrand ER, Lasek AW.Author information Department of Psychiatry and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA.AbstractMen and women respond differently to the subjective effects of cocaine and cocaine-associated cues, which has implications for the development and maintenance of cocaine addiction. Preclinical studies performed in rats, modeling various aspects of cocaine addiction, have largely validated these results, indicating that female rats may be more sensitive to the rewarding properties of cocaine. The molecular mechanisms leading to sex differences in cocaine reward have largely not been determined, although sex hormones are thought to play a role. The mouse is commonly used as a model organism to study the molecular and genetic factors that influence a variety of psychiatric disorders. In particular, the inbred C57BL/6 mouse strain is often used for behavioral studies related to substance abuse. To begin to understand the hormonal, molecular and genetic mechanisms that might affect cocaine reward, we directly compared male and female C57BL/6J mice in cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP), a test that examines the rewarding and cue-associated properties of drugs of abuse. We conditioned mice at three doses of cocaine and examined preference and extinction of preference. We found that the acquisition of cocaine CPP did not differ between male and female mice. However, extinction of cocaine CPP was delayed in male mice compared with females at the lowest dose of cocaine. We conclude that sex differences in cocaine CPP can be observed in C57BL/6J mice at very low doses of cocaine.
Neuroreport.Neuroreport.2014 Jan 22;25(2):105-9. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000053.
Men and women respond differently to the subjective effects of cocaine and cocaine-associated cues, which has implications for the development and maintenance of cocaine addiction. Preclinical studies performed in rats, modeling various aspects of cocaine addiction, have largely validated these resu
PMID 24145777

Retention in methadone maintenance treatment in mainland China, 2004-2012: A literature review.

Zhou K, Zhuang G.Author information Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta Western Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, China.AbstractBACKGROUND: Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) was implemented in mainland China since 2004. Numerous individual studies have investigated MMT retention but the overview still remains unclear. The aim of the study was to review MMT retention rates and predicting factors in mainland China during 2004-2012.
Addictive behaviors.Addict Behav.2014 Jan;39(1):22-9. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.001. Epub 2013 Sep 9.
BACKGROUND: Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) was implemented in mainland China since 2004. Numerous individual studies have investigated MMT retention but the overview still remains unclear. The aim of the study was to review MMT retention rates and predicting factors in mainland China during 2
PMID 24090627

Predictive factors for relapse in patients on buprenorphine maintenance.

Ferri M, Finlayson AJ, Wang L, Martin PR.Author information Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.AbstractBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite the dramatic increase in the use of buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid dependence, clinical outcomes of this treatment approach continue to need evaluation. This study examines factors associated with relapse and retention during buprenorphine treatment in a sample of opioid dependent outpatients.
The American journal on addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions.Am J Addict.2014 Jan;23(1):62-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.12074.x. Epub 2013 Jun 10.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite the dramatic increase in the use of buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid dependence, clinical outcomes of this treatment approach continue to need evaluation. This study examines factors associated with relapse and retention during buprenorphine treatment in a
PMID 24313243