WordNet

sing with closed lips; "She hummed a melody"
a humming noise; "the hum of distant traffic" (同)humming
be noisy with activity; "This office is buzzing with activity" (同)buzz, seethe
sound with a monotonous hum (同)thrum
make a low continuous sound; "The refrigerator is humming"
relating to a person; "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
characteristic of humanity; "human nature"
having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings; "human beings"; "the human body"; "human kindness"; "human frailty"
of or relating to a chorion; "a chorionic villus is a minute vascular projection on the fetal chorion"
a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect (同)endocrine, internal_secretion

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈ハチ・機械などが〉『ブンブンいう』,ブーンと鳴る / 『鼻歌を歌う』,ハミングスル / (ちゅうちょ・当惑で)ふむふむいう / 《話》〈雰囲気・事業などが〉活気がある,活発に動く;(…で)活気づく《+『with』+『名』》 / …‘を'『ハミングで歌う』,鼻歌を歌って…‘を'(ある状熊に)する / (ハチ・機械などの)『ブンブン』[『うなる音』];鼻歌 / (雑踏などの)ガヤガヤ]いう音],騒音 / ふ‐む,う‐ん(ちゅうちょ・当惑・黙考・疑惑・不快などの声)
(動物・神に対して)『人間の』,人の / 『人間らいし』,人間的な,人情味のある / 〈C〉《複数形》(動物に怠して)人間(human being) / 〈U〉《the human》人類
=sense organ / 受信装置
ホルモン

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1. 非定型生殖器（性分化疾患）を有する乳児の評価 evaluation of the infant with atypical genitalia disorder of sex development
2. アスリートにおけるアンドロゲンおよびその他のホルモンの使用 use of androgens and other hormones by athletes
3. クエン酸クロミフェンによる排卵誘発 ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate
4. 思春期早発症の定義、原因、および評価 definition etiology and evaluation of precocious puberty
5. 原発性両側副腎皮質大結節性過形成によるクッシング症候群 cushings syndrome due to primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia

English Journal

Luteinizing Hormone Receptors are Confined in Mesoscale Plasma Membrane Microdomains Throughout Recovery from Receptor Desensitization.

Wolf-Ringwall AL1, Winter PW, Roess DA, George Barisas B.Author information 1Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.AbstractWe examined the involvement of membrane microdomains during human luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor recovery from receptor desensitization after removal of bound hormone. Lateral motions of individual desensitized LH receptors expressed on the surface of Chinese hamster ovary cells and transient association of these receptors with detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) microdomains isolated using isopycnic sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation were assessed. Single particle tracking experiments showed untreated individual LH receptors to be confined within cell-surface membrane compartments with an average diameter of 199 ± 17 nm and associated with membrane fractions characteristic of bulk plasma membrane. After brief exposure to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), LH receptors remained for several hours desensitized to hCG challenge. Throughout this period, significantly increased numbers of LH receptors were confined within smaller diameter (<120 nm) membrane compartments and associated with DRM fragments of characteristically low density. By 5 h, when cells again produced cAMP in response to hCG, unoccupied LH receptors were found in larger 169 ± 22 nm diameter cell-surface membrane compartments and >90 % of LH receptors were again found in high-density membrane fragments characteristic of bulk plasma membrane. Taken together, these results suggest that, during recovery from LH receptor desensitization, LH receptors are both located with DRM lipid environments and confined within small, mesoscale (80-160 nm) cell-surface compartments. This may reflect hormone-driven translocation of receptors into DRM and formation there of protein aggregates too large or too rigid to permit effective signaling. Once bound hormone is removed, receptor structures would have to dissociate before receptors can again signal effectively in response to hormone challenge. Moreover, such larger protein complexes would be more easily constrained laterally by membrane structural elements and so appear resident in smaller cell-surface compartments.
Cell biochemistry and biophysics.Cell Biochem Biophys.2014 Apr;68(3):561-9. doi: 10.1007/s12013-013-9738-x.
We examined the involvement of membrane microdomains during human luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor recovery from receptor desensitization after removal of bound hormone. Lateral motions of individual desensitized LH receptors expressed on the surface of Chinese hamster ovary cells and transient ass
PMID 23990106

LUTEAL EXPRESSION OF THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS DURING GESTATION AND POSTPARTUM IN THE RAT.

Navas PB1, Redondo AL, Vargas-Roig LM, Cuello-Carrión FD, Valdez SR, Jahn GA, Hapon MB.Author information 1CCT MENDOZA CONICET, IMBECU, Capital, Mendoza, Argentina ; paolanavas@gmail.com.AbstractBackground: Progesterone (P4) is the main steroid secreted by the corpora lutea (CL) and is required for successful implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. Although adequate circulating levels of thyroid hormone (TH) are needed to support formation and maintenance of CL during pregnancy, TH signaling has not been described in this gland. We determined luteal thyroid hormone receptor isoforms (TR) expression and regulation throughout pregnancy and under the influence of thyroid status, and in vitro effects of T3 exposure on luteal P4 synthesis. Methods: Female Wistar rats were sacrificed by decapitation on days 5 (G5), 10 (G10), 15 (G15), 19 (G19), and 21 (G21) of pregnancy and 2 (L2) postpartum. Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism were induced by daily administration of T4 (0.25 mg/kg s.c.) or 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) (0.1 g/L in drinking water), respectively. Luteal TR expression of RNA was determined using real-time RTPCR, and of protein using Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Primary cultures of luteal cells and of luteinized granulose cells from other rats were used to study in vitro effects of T3 on P4 synthesis. Also, the effect of T3 on basal and stimulated (by luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)) granulosa cell P4 synthesis was evaluated. Results TRα1, TRα2 and TRβ1 mRNA were detected in CL of pregnancy. At the protein level, TRβ1 was abundantly expressed during gestation reaching a peak on G19 and decreasing afterwards. TRα1 was barely expressed during early gestation, peaked on G19 and diminished thereafter. TRβ1 and TRα1 at protein and mRNA level were not influenced by thyroid status. T3 neither modified P4 secretion of the CL of pregnancy nor its synthesis in granulosa-luteinized cell culture. Conclusions This study confirms for the first time the presence of TR isoforms in the CL during pregnancy and postpartum, identifying this gland as a TH target during gestation. TR expression is modulated in this tissue in accordance with the regulation of P4 metabolism, and the abrupt peripartum changes suggest a role of TH during luteolysis. However, TH actions on the CL do not seem to be related to a direct regulation of P4 synthesis.
Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association.Thyroid.2014 Mar 31. [Epub ahead of print]
Background: Progesterone (P4) is the main steroid secreted by the corpora lutea (CL) and is required for successful implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. Although adequate circulating levels of thyroid hormone (TH) are needed to support formation and maintenance of CL during pregnancy, TH signa
PMID 24684177

Modulation of Mannose- and Asialoglycoprotein-receptor expression determines glycoprotein hormone half-life at critical points in the reproductive cycle.

Mi Y1, Lin A, Fiete D, Steirer L, Baenziger JU.Author information 1Washington University Medical School in Saint Louis, United States.AbstractThe rate at which glycoproteins are cleared from the circulation has a critical impact on their biologic activity in vivo. We have shown that clearance rates for glycoproteins such as luteinizing hormone (LH) that undergo regulated release into the circulation determines their potency. Two highly abundant, carbohydrate-specific, endocytic receptors, the Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR) and the Mannose receptor (ManR) are expressed in the liver by parenchymal and sinusoidal endothelial cells, respectively. We demonstrate that the Man-R mediates the clearance of glycoproteins such as LH that bear N-linked glycans terminating with β1,4-linked GalNAc-4-SO4, as well as glycoproteins bearing glycans that terminate with Man. Steady state levels of mRNA encoding the ASGR and the ManR are regulated by progesterone in pregnant mice, reaching maximal levels on day 12.5 of pregnancy. Protein expression and glycan-specific binding activity also increase in the livers of pregnant mice. In contrast, ManR mRNA, but not ASGR mRNA, decreases in male mice at the time of sexual maturation. We show that levels of ManR and ASGR expression control the clearance rate for glycoproteins bearing recognized glycans. Thus reduced expression of the ManR at the time of sexual maturation will increase the potency of LH in vivo, whereas increased expression during pregnancy will reduce LH potency until progesterone and receptor levels fall prior to parturition.
The Journal of biological chemistry.J Biol Chem.2014 Mar 11. [Epub ahead of print]
The rate at which glycoproteins are cleared from the circulation has a critical impact on their biologic activity in vivo. We have shown that clearance rates for glycoproteins such as luteinizing hormone (LH) that undergo regulated release into the circulation determines their potency. Two highly ab
PMID 24619407

Japanese Journal

The effect of luteotropic factors on luteolysis by prostaglandin F2.ALPHA. and E2 in early pregnant rats.

堀越順彦
産婦人科の進歩 47(1), 61-76, 1995
… all of these, endocrine dysfunction is least understood, and no definite treatment has been established. Therefore, the effect of luteotropic factors (prolactin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone, and estradiol) on the breakdown of the endocrine system by the luteolytic factors (prostaglandin F2α and E2), was examined …
NAID 130004069577

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「黄体化ホルモン/ヒト絨毛性ゴナドトロピン受容体」
関連記事	「human」「chorionic」「gonadotropin receptor」「luteinizing hormone」「chorionic gonadotropin」