WordNet

a relative amount; "mix one volume of the solution with ten volumes of water"
the amount of 3-dimensional space occupied by an object; "the gas expanded to twice its original volume"
the magnitude of sound (usually in a specified direction); "the kids played their music at full volume" (同)loudness, intensity
a publication that is one of a set of several similar publications; "the third volume was missing"; "he asked for the 1989 volume of the Annual Review"
either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates; serves to remove carbon dioxide and provide oxygen to the blood

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〈C〉(特に分厚い)『本』,書物 / 〈C〉(シリーズものの)『巻』,冊(《略》(単数形で)vol.,(複数形で)vols.) / 〈U〉(…の)『体積』,容積《+of+名》 / 〈U〉〈C〉)…の)『量』,かさ《+of+名》 / 〈U〉(…の)『音量』,音の強さ,ボリューム《+of+名》 / 《複数形で》多量(の…),たくさん(の…)《+of+名》
《しばしば複数形で》『肺』,肺臓

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/14 10:45:14」(JST)

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Lung volumes and lung capacities refer to the volume of air associated with different phases of the respiratory cycle. Lung volumes are directly measured; Lung capacities are inferred from lung volumes.

The average total lung capacity of an adult human male is about 6 litres of air,^[1] but only a small amount of this capacity is used during normal breathing.

Tidal breathing is normal, resting breathing; the tidal volume is the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled in only a single such breath.

The average human respiratory rate is 30-60 breaths per minute at birth,^[2] decreasing to 12-20 breaths per minute in adults.^[3]

Factors affecting volumes

Several factors affect lung volumes; some can be controlled and some cannot. Lung volumes vary with different people as follows:

Larger volumes	Smaller volumes
taller people	shorter people
people who live at higher altitudes	people who live at lower altitudes
non obese	obese^[4]

A person who is born and lives at sea level will develop a slightly smaller lung capacity than a person who spends their life at a high altitude. This is because the partial pressure of oxygen is lower at higher altitude which, as a result means that oxygen less readily diffuses into the bloodstream. In response to higher altitude, the body's diffusing capacity increases in order to process more air.

When someone living at or near sea level travels to locations at high altitudes (e.g., the Andes; Denver, Colorado; Tibet; the Himalayas) that person can develop a condition called altitude sickness because their lungs remove adequate amounts of carbon dioxide but they do not take in enough oxygen. (In normal individuals, carbon dioxide is the primary determinant of respiratory drive.)

Specific changes in lung volumes also occur during pregnancy. Functional residual capacity drops 18–20%,^[5] typically falling from 1.7 to 1.35 litres,^{[citation needed]} due to the compression of the diaphragm by the uterus.^{[citation needed]} The compression also causes a decreased total lung capacity (TLC) by 5%^[5] and decreased expiratory reserve volume by 20%.^[5] Tidal volume increases by 30–40%, from 0.5 to 0.7 litres,^[5] and minute ventilation by 30–40%^[5]^[6] giving an increase in pulmonary ventilation. This is necessary to meet the increased oxygen requirement of the body, which reaches 50 mL/min, 20 mL of which goes to reproductive tissues. Overall, the net change in maximum breathing capacity is zero.^[5]

Values

**Average lung volumes in healthy adults**^[7]
Volume	Value (litres)
Volume	In men	In women
Inspiratory reserve volume	3.1	1.9
Tidal volume	0.5	0.5
Expiratory reserve volume	1.2	0.7
Residual volume	1.2	1.1

**Lung capacities in healthy adults**^[7]
Volume	Average value (litres)		Derivation
Volume	In men	In women	Derivation
Vital capacity	4.6	3.1	IRV plus TV plus ERV
Inspiratory capacity	3.5	2.4	IRV plus TV
Functional residual capacity	2.3	1.8	ERV plus RV
Total lung capacity	5.8	4.2	IRV plus TV plus ERV plus RV

The tidal volume, vital capacity, inspiratory capacity and expiratory reserve volume can be measured directly with a spirometer. These are the basic elements of a ventilatory pulmonary function test.

Determination of the residual volume is more difficult as it is impossible to "completely" breathe out. Therefore, measurement of the residual volume has to be done via indirect methods such as radiographic planimetry, body plethysmography, closed circuit dilution (including the helium dilution technique) and nitrogen washout.

In absence of such, estimates of residual volume have been prepared as a proportion of body mass for infants (18.1 mL/kg),^[8] or as a proportion of vital capacity (0.24 for men and 0.28 for women)^[9] or in relation to height and age ((0.0275* Age [Years]+0.0189*Height [cm]-2.6139) litres for normal-mass individuals and (0.0277*Age [Years]+0.0138*Height [cm]-2.3967) litres for overweight individuals).^[10] Standard errors in prediction equations for residual volume have been measured at 579 mL for men and 355 mL for women, while the use of 0.24*FVC gave a standard error of 318 mL.^[11]

Online calculators are available that can compute predicted lung volumes, and other spirometric parameters based on a patient's age, height, weight, and ethnic origin for many reference sources.

Restrictive and obstructive

Scheme of changes in lung volumes in restricted and obstructed lung in comparison with healthy lung.

The results (in particular FEV1/FVC and FRC) can be used to distinguish between restrictive and obstructive pulmonary diseases:

Type	Examples	Description	FEV1/FVC
restrictive diseases	pulmonary fibrosis, Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome, weak respiratory muscles, pneumothorax	volumes are decreased	often in a normal range (0.8 - 1.0)
obstructive diseases	asthma or COPD or Emphysema	volumes are essentially normal but flow rates are impeded	often low (Asthma can reduce the ratio to 0.6, Emphysema can reduce the ratio to 0.78 - 0.45)

References

^ Marieb, Elaine; Hoehn, Katja (2010). Human Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Prentice Hall PTR. p. 824. ISBN 978-0-321-69415-7. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Scott L. DeBoer (4 November 2004). Emergency Newborn Care. Trafford Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4120-3089-2.
^ Wilburta Q. Lindh; Marilyn Pooler; Carol Tamparo; Barbara M. Dahl (9 March 2009). Delmar's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Administrative and Clinical Competencies. Cengage Learning. p. 573. ISBN 978-1-4354-1914-8.
^ Jones RL, Nzekwu MM. The effects of body mass index on lung volumes. Chest. 2006 Sep; 130 (3) :827–33. PubMed PMID 16963682.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Simpson, Kathleen Rice; Patricia A Creehan (2007). Perinatal Nursing (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-7817-6759-0.
^ Guyton and hall (2005). Textbook of Medical Physiology (11 ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 103g. ISBN 81-8147-920-3.
^ ^a ^b Ganong, William. "Fig. 35-7". Review of Medical Physiology (21st ed.).
^ Morris, Mohy G. (2010). "Comprehensive integrated spirometry using raised volume passive and forced expirations and multiple-breath nitrogen washout in infants". Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 170 (2): 123–140. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2009.10.010. ISSN 1569-9048. PMC 2858579. PMID 19897058.
^ Wilmore, J. H. (1969). "The use of actual predicted and constant residual volumes in the assessment of body composition by underwater weighing". Med Sci Sports 1: 87–90. doi:10.1249/00005768-196906000-00006.
^ MILLER, WAYNE C.; SWENSEN, THOMAS; WALLACE, JANET P. (February 1998). "Derivation of prediction equations for RV in overweight men and women". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30 (2): 322–327. doi:10.1097/00005768-199802000-00023. PMID 9502364.
^ Morrow JR Jr, Jackson AS, Bradley PW, Hartung GH. (Dec 1986). "Accuracy of measured and predicted residual lung volume on body density measurement". Med Sci Sports Exerc 18 (6): 647–52. doi:10.1249/00005768-198612000-00007. PMID 3784877.

External links

Lung function fundamentals (anaesthetist.com)
RT Corner (educational site for RT's and nurses)
Volume of human lungs

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における肺機能検査の概要 overview of pulmonary function testing in adults
2. 肺機能検査の基準値 reference values for pulmonary function testing
3. 間質性肺疾患を有する成人に対するアプローチ：診断的検査 approach to the adult with interstitial lung disease diagnostic testing
4. COPD患者における肺過膨張 dynamic hyperinflation in patients with copd
5. 小児における肺機能検査の概要 overview of pulmonary function testing in children

English Journal

Evaluating the use of optimally respiratory gated 18F-FDG-PET in target volume delineation and its influence on radiation doses to the organs at risk in non-small-cell lung cancer patients.

Wijsman R1, Grootjans W, Troost EG, van der Heijden EH, Visser EP, de Geus-Oei LF, Bussink J.
Nuclear medicine communications.Nucl Med Commun.2016 Jan;37(1):66-73. doi: 10.1097/MNM.0000000000000409.
OBJECTIVE: This radiotherapy planning study evaluated tumour delineation using both optimally respiratory gated and nongated fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-PET (F-FDG-PET).METHODS: For 22 non-small-cell lung tumours, both scans were used to create the nongated and gated (g) gross tumour volumes (GTV
PMID 26440570

Common-mask guided image reconstruction (c-MGIR) for enhanced 4D cone-beam computed tomography.

Park JC1, Zhang H, Chen Y, Fan Q, Li JG, Liu C, Lu B.
Physics in medicine and biology.Phys Med Biol.2015 Dec 7;60(23):9157-83. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/23/9157. Epub 2015 Nov 12.
Compared to 3D cone beam computed tomography (3D CBCT), the image quality of commercially available four-dimensional (4D) CBCT is severely impaired due to the insufficient amount of projection data available for each phase. Since the traditional Feldkamp-Davis-Kress (FDK)-based algorithm is infeasib
PMID 26562284

Sparing Native Upper Lobes in Living-Donor Lobar Lung Transplantation: Five Cases From a Single Center.

Aoyama A1, Chen F1, Minakata K2, Yamazaki K2, Yamada T1, Sato M1, Date H1.
American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.Am J Transplant.2015 Dec;15(12):3202-7. doi: 10.1111/ajt.13357. Epub 2015 Jun 23.
Living-donor lobar lung transplantation (LDLLT) is indicated for rapidly deteriorating patients, and the total volume of two lower lobe grafts must be sufficient for the recipient. To rescue patients with small lobar grafts, we performed five LDLLTs sparing native upper lobes. This strategy was used
PMID 26104020

Japanese Journal

Comparison of dose–volume histograms between proton beam and X-ray conformal radiotherapy for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer

Ohno Toshiki,Oshiro Yoshiko,Mizumoto Masashi,Numajiri Haruko,Ishikawa Hitoshi,Okumura Toshiyuki,Terunuma Toshiyuki,Sakae Takeji,Sakurai Hideyuki
Journal of radiation research 56(1), 128-133, 2015-01
… The purpose of this study was to compare the parameters of the dose–volume histogram (DVH) between proton beam therapy (PBT) and X-ray conformal radiotherapy (XCRT) for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), according to the tumor conditions. … The parameters were then calculated according to the normal lung dose, and the irradiation volumes of the doses (Vx) were compared. …
NAID 120005596188

左肺が無形成であった先天性左横隔膜ヘルニアの1症例

村上孟司,日高庸博,城戸咲,福嶋恒太郎,永田公二,田口智章,加藤聖子
超音波医学 advpub(0), 2015
… 先天性横隔膜ヘルニア胎児の肺低形成を超音波で評価するにあたって，肺胸郭断面積比（lung-to-thorax transverse ratio: LTR）や肺断面積児頭周囲長比（lung area to head circumference ratio: LHR）が用いられるが，これらの指標は健側肺がターゲットであり，患側肺は考慮しない．今回，胎児期に左横隔膜ヘルニアと診断，LTRやLHRは低値でなかったにもかかわらず，生後に重篤な経過をたどり，手術時に左肺の無形成 …
NAID 130005063654

Integrated lung field segmentation of injured region with anatomical structure analysis by failure-recovery algorithm from chest CT images

Iwao Yuma,Gotoh Toshiyuki,Kagei Seiichiro,Iwasawa Tae,Tsuzuki Marcos de Sales Guerra
Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 12, 28-38, 2014-07
… This work proposes a functionality for computerized tomography (CT) based investigation of diffuse lung diseases diagnosis that enables the evaluation of the disease from lung anatomical structures. … The quality of the result is improved while reducing the processing time even for subjects with lung diseases. … The main bronchi are found in the segmented airway and the associated lung lobes are determined. …
NAID 120005549810

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「LV」
関連記事	「volume」

「LV」

TLC	Total lung capacity: the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of VC and RV.
VT	Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (VT indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol VT or VT is used.)
RV	Residual volume: the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
ERV	Expiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from the end-expiratory position
IRV	Inspiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level
IC	Inspiratory capacity: the sum of IRV and TV
IVC	Inspiratory vital capacity: the maximum volume of air inhaled from the point of maximum expiration
VC	Vital capacity: the volume of air breathed out after the deepest inhalation.
VT	Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (VT indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol VT or VT is used.)
FRC	Functional residual capacity: the volume in the lungs at the end-expiratory position
RV/TLC%	Residual volume expressed as percent of TLC
VA	Alveolar gas volume
VL	Actual volume of the lung including the volume of the conducting airway.
FVC	Forced vital capacity: the determination of the vital capacity from a maximally forced expiratory effort
FEVt	Forced expiratory volume (time): a generic term indicating the volume of air exhaled under forced conditions in the first t seconds
FEV1	Volume that has been exhaled at the end of the first second of forced expiration
FEFx	Forced expiratory flow related to some portion of the FVC curve; modifiers refer to amount of FVC already exhaled
FEFmax	The maximum instantaneous flow achieved during a FVC maneuver
FIF	Forced inspiratory flow: (Specific measurement of the forced inspiratory curve is denoted by nomenclature analogous to that for the forced expiratory curve. For example, maximum inspiratory flow is denoted FIFmax. Unless otherwise specified, volume qualifiers indicate the volume inspired from RV at the point of measurement.)
PEF	Peak expiratory flow: The highest forced expiratory flow measured with a peak flow meter
MVV	Maximal voluntary ventilation: volume of air expired in a specified period during repetitive maximal effort
	v; t; e;

　　[★]

「volume」

　　[★]

n.

容積、体積、量、ボリューム、(書籍の)巻

関: amount、bulk、content、quantity

[mariebhoehn-1] Marieb, Elaine; Hoehn, Katja (2010). Human Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Prentice Hall PTR. p. 824. ISBN 978-0-321-69415-7. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[DeBoer2004-2] Scott L. DeBoer (4 November 2004). Emergency Newborn Care. Trafford Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4120-3089-2.

[LindhPooler2009-3] Wilburta Q. Lindh; Marilyn Pooler; Carol Tamparo; Barbara M. Dahl (9 March 2009). Delmar's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Administrative and Clinical Competencies. Cengage Learning. p. 573. ISBN 978-1-4354-1914-8.

[4] Jones RL, Nzekwu MM. The effects of body mass index on lung volumes. Chest. 2006 Sep; 130 (3) :827–33. PubMed PMID 16963682.

[simpson_breathing-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Simpson, Kathleen Rice; Patricia A Creehan (2007). Perinatal Nursing (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-7817-6759-0.

[isbn81-8147-920-3-6] Guyton and hall (2005). Textbook of Medical Physiology (11 ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 103g. ISBN 81-8147-920-3.

[Ganong-7] Ganong, William. "Fig. 35-7". Review of Medical Physiology (21st ed.).

[8] Morris, Mohy G. (2010). "Comprehensive integrated spirometry using raised volume passive and forced expirations and multiple-breath nitrogen washout in infants". Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 170 (2): 123–140. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2009.10.010. ISSN 1569-9048. PMC 2858579. PMID 19897058.

[9] Wilmore, J. H. (1969). "The use of actual predicted and constant residual volumes in the assessment of body composition by underwater weighing". Med Sci Sports 1: 87–90. doi:10.1249/00005768-196906000-00006.

[10] MILLER, WAYNE C.; SWENSEN, THOMAS; WALLACE, JANET P. (February 1998). "Derivation of prediction equations for RV in overweight men and women". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30 (2): 322–327. doi:10.1097/00005768-199802000-00023. PMID 9502364.

[11] Morrow JR Jr, Jackson AS, Bradley PW, Hartung GH. (Dec 1986). "Accuracy of measured and predicted residual lung volume on body density measurement". Med Sci Sports Exerc 18 (6): 647–52. doi:10.1249/00005768-198612000-00007. PMID 3784877.

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lung volumes