liver disorders

WordNet

1. pursue a positive and satisfying existence; "You must accept yourself and others if you really want to live"
2. actually being performed at the time of hearing or viewing; "a live television program"; "brought to you live from Lincoln Center"; "live entertainment involves performers actually in the physical presence of a live audience" (同)unrecorded
3. abounding with life and energy; "the club members are a really live bunch"
4. charged with an explosive; "live ammunition"; "a live bomb"
5. exerting force or containing energy; "live coals"; "tossed a live cigarette out the window"; "got a shock from a live wire"; "live ore is unmined ore"; "a live bomb"; "a live ball is one in play"
6. highly reverberant; "a live concert hall"
7. in current use or ready for use; "live copy is ready to be set in type or already set but not yet proofread"
8. lead a certain kind of life; live in a certain style; "we had to live frugally after the war"
9. not recorded; "the opera was broadcast live"
10. of current relevance; "a live issue"; "still a live option"
11. bring disorder to (同)disarray
12. a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning; "the doctor prescribed some medicine for the disorder"; "everyone gets stomach upsets from time to time" (同)upset
13. a disturbance of the peace or of public order
14. a person who has a special life style; "a high liver"
15. large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity; secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat; synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood; sy
16. liver of an animal used as meat
17. someone who lives in a place; "a liver in cities"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『生きている』,生命がある / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈人などが〉『生き続ける』 / 〈物事が〉長く続く,存続する / 《場所を表す副詞[句]を伴って》〈人などが〉『住む』,居住する / 《副詞[句]を伴って》『生活する』,暮らす / 生人を楽しむ,おもしろく桟らす / 《a+形容詞癌lifeを目的語にして》〈…を生活〉‘を'する / 〈思想など〉‘を'実銭する
2. 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『生きている』 / 『活気のある』 / (問題などが)当面の / 燃えている / (弾丸などが)まだ爆発してない,未発の / まだ動いている(働いている),有効な / 電流が通じている / (放走が)生の,実況の
3. 〈U〉『無秩序』,混乱,乱雑(confusion) / 《しばしば複数形で》(社会的・政治的な)粉争,騒動 / 〈C〉(肉体的・精神的な)不調,異常,障害 / …‘の'秩序を乱す / 〈心身〉‘に'異常を起こさせる
4. (ある態度で)生活する人;居住者
5. 〈C〉『肝臓』 / 〈U〉(食用にする)動物の肝臓,レバー

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/05/14 03:58:39」(JST)

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Hepatic disease
Micrograph of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Gastroenterology
MedlinePlus	000205

Liver disease (also called hepatic disease) is a type of damage to or disease of the liver.

Associated medical conditions

Types

Ground glass hepatocytes

Primary biliary cirrhosis

Budd-chiari syndrome

There are more than a hundred different kinds of liver disease,symptoms may include jaundice and weight loss. These are some of the most common:

• Fascioliasis, a parasitic infection of liver caused by a Liver fluke of the Fasciola genus, mostly the Fasciola hepatica.
• Hepatitis, inflammation of the liver, is caused by various viruses (viral hepatitis) also by some liver toxins (e.g. alcoholic hepatitis), autoimmunity (autoimmune hepatitis) or hereditary conditions.
• Alcoholic liver disease is a hepatic manifestation of alcohol overconsumption, including fatty liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Analogous terms such as "drug-induced" or "toxic" liver disease are also used to refer to disorders caused by various drugs.
• Fatty liver disease (hepatic steatosis) is a reversible condition where large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in liver cells. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a spectrum of disease associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.
• Hereditary diseases that cause damage to the liver include hemochromatosis, involving accumulation of iron in the body, and Wilson's disease. Liver damage is also a clinical feature of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and glycogen storage disease type II.
• In transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis, the liver produces a mutated transthyretin protein which has severe neurodegenerative and/or cardiopathic effects. Liver transplantation can give a curative treatment option.
• Gilbert's syndrome, a genetic disorder of bilirubin metabolism found in a small percent of the population, can cause mild jaundice.
• Cirrhosis is the formation of fibrous tissue (fibrosis) in the place of liver cells that have died due to a variety of causes, including viral hepatitis, alcohol overconsumption, and other forms of liver toxicity. Cirrhosis causes chronic liver failure.
• Primary liver cancer most commonly manifests as hepatocellular carcinoma and/or cholangiocarcinoma; rarer forms include angiosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma of the liver. (Many liver malignancies are secondary lesions that have metastasized from primary cancers in the gastrointestinal tract and other organs, such as the kidneys, lungs.)
• Primary biliary cirrhosis is a serious autoimmune disease of the bile capillaries.
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a serious chronic inflammatory disease of the bile duct, which is believed to be autoimmune in origin.
• Budd–Chiari syndrome is the clinical picture caused by occlusion of the hepatic vein.

Mechanism

Liver disease can occur through several mechanisms. A common form of liver disease is viral infection. Viral hepatitides such as Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus can be vertically transmitted during birth via contact with infected blood. According to a 2012 NICE publication, "about 85% of hepatitis B infections in newborns become chronic". In occult cases, Hepatitis B virus is present by HBV DNA, but testing for HBsAg is negative. High consumption of alcohol can lead to several forms of liver disease including alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. In the earlier stages of alcoholic liver disease, fat builds up in the liver's cells due to increased creation of triglycerides and fatty acids and a decreased ability to break down fatty acids. Progression of the disease can lead to liver inflammation from the excess fat in the liver. Scarring in the liver often occurs as the body attempts to heal and extensive scarring can lead to the development of cirrhosis in more advanced stages of the disease. Approximately 3-10% of individuals with cirrhosis develop a form of liver cancer known as hepatocellular carcinoma.

According to Tilg, et al, gut microbiome could very well have an effect, be involved in the pathophysiology, on the various types of liver disease which an individual may encounter.

Diagnosis

A number of liver function tests (LFTs) are available to test the proper function of the liver. These test for the presence of enzymes in blood that are normally most abundant in liver tissue, metabolites or products. serum proteins, serum albumin, serum globulin, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time.

Treatment

Ursodeoxycholic acid

Anti-viral medications are available to treat infections such as hepatitis B. Other conditions may be managed by slowing down disease progression, for example:

• By using steroid-based drugs in autoimmune hepatitis.
• Regularly removing a quantity of blood from a vein (venesection) in the iron overload condition, hemochromatosis.
• Wilson’s disease, a condition where copper builds up in the body, can be managed with drugs which bind copper allowing it to be passed from your body in urine.
• In cholestatic liver disease, (where the flow of bile is affected due to cystic fibrosis) a medication called ursodeoxycholic acid (URSO, also referred to as UDCA) may be given.

See also

• Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD)

References

Further reading

• Friedman, Lawrence S.; Keeffe, Emmet B. (2011-08-03). Handbook of Liver Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 1455723169. 

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 成人における非アルコール性脂肪性肝疾患（NAFLD）の疫学、臨床的特徴、および診断 epidemiology clinical features and diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults
• 2. 成人における急性肝不全：マネージメントおよび予後 acute liver failure in adults management and prognosis
• 3. 肝移植：急性細胞性拒絶反応の診断 liver transplantation diagnosis of acute cellular rejection
• 4. アルコール性脂肪性肝炎およびアルコール性肝硬変の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic cirrhosis
• 5. 肝酵素および肝機能検査値の異常が認められた患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with abnormal liver biochemical and function tests

English Journal

• The interactions of nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases.

• Perazzo H, Poynard T, Dufour JF.SourceHepatology Department, Liver Center, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière (GHPS), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), 47-83, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France; Pierre et Marie Curie University (Paris 6), Inserm UMR_S 938, Paris, France.
• Clinics in liver disease.Clin Liver Dis.2014 Feb;18(1):233-48. doi: 10.1016/j.cld.2013.09.014. Epub 2013 Oct 25.
• A complex interaction among metabolic factors, adipose tissue lipolysis, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance results in a deleterious process that may link nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with severe cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. Patients with NAFLD are at higher risk of atherosclerosi
• PMID 24274877

• Impact of nutrition and obesity on chronic liver disease.

• Manne V, Saab S.SourceDepartment of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 200 Medical Plaza, Suite 214, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
• Clinics in liver disease.Clin Liver Dis.2014 Feb;18(1):205-18. doi: 10.1016/j.cld.2013.09.008. Epub 2013 Oct 25.
• Undernutrition and obesity are at opposite ends of a spectrum that has an enormous impact on all aspects of liver diseases. The myriad effects of the opposing ends of the nutrition spectrum have led to a wealth of research aimed at elucidating the exact mechanisms of how they cause liver damage. In
• PMID 24274875

Japanese Journal

• Protecting liver sinusoidal endothelial cells suppresses apoptosis in acute liver damage

• Hepatology research 46(7), 697-706, 2016-06
• NAID 120005844343

• 免疫系支持細胞の脂肪酸による制御機構

• 山口医学 = Yamaguchi medical journal 65(1), 23-29, 2016-02
• NAID 120005723602

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関連記事	「disorder」「live」「liver」

「disorder」

　　[★]

• 障害：個人的苦痛や機能の障害があるので「疾病」とは言えるものの、その背景にある臓器障害がもう一つはっきりしない場合に用いられる。(PSY.9)

• n.

• an untidy state; a lack of order or organization (⇔order)
• violent behaviour of large groups of people
• an illness that cause a part of the body to stop functioning correctly

• 注意

disease <> illness <> disorder

• vt.

• 乱す、乱雑にする。(人)の(心身の)調子を狂わせる。

• vi.

　 　 　 　

「live」

　　[★]

[liv]

• vt.
• vi.

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[laiv]

• adj.

同

LAIV

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「liver」

　　[★] 肝臓