The lingual gyrus is a brain structure that is linked to processing vision, especially related to letters. It is thought to also play a role in analysis of logical conditions (i.e. logical order of events) and encoding visual memories. The lingual gyrus is named after the shape it most closely resembles - the tongue.[1] Contrary to the name, the region has little to do with speech.
| Brain: Lingual gyrus |
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Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere. (Lingual gyrus visible at left.)
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Medial surface of right cerebral hemisphere. (Lingual gyrus visible at right.)
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| Latin |
gyrus lingualis |
| Gray's |
p.823 |
| Part of |
Occipital lobe |
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Artery
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Posterior cerebral |
| NeuroNames |
hier-140 |
| NeuroLex ID |
birnlex_740 |
| TA |
A14.1.09.226 |
| FMA |
FMA:61904 |
Contents
- 1 Location
- 2 Function
- 2.1 Role in vision
- 2.2 Role in word processing
- 3 Additional Images
- 4 See also
- 5 References
Location
The lingual gyrus of the occipital lobe lies between the calcarine sulcus and the posterior part of the collateral sulcus; behind, it reaches the occipital pole; in front, it is continued on to the tentorial surface of the temporal lobe, and joins the parahippocampal gyrus.[2]
Function
Role in vision
This region is believed to play an important role in vision and dreaming. Visual memory dysfunction and visuo-limbic disconnection have been shown in cases where the lingual gyrus has been damaged (due to stroke or other traumatic brain injuries). Further, impaired visual memory is related to either damage to the region or disconnections between the gyrus and other brain structures.[3] Hypermetabolism in the lingual gyrus has been associated with visual snow syndrome.[4]
Gyrus activation has been linked to encoding of complex images. Subjects were scanned using fMRI while looking at pictures. The images were emotionally neutral, with no people in close-up. Subjects were tasked with memorizing the images for recognition at a later date. Data from the fMRI showed in several structures, notably the lingual gyrus. Similar activation was recorded during the recollection several weeks later.[5] Furthermore, activation has been shown in selective attention studies. Subjects were tasked with memorizing symbols in certain visual fields while ignoring those in others. In some subjects, the lingual gyrus was activated. The hemispheric activation of the structure was dependent on which visual field the subject was focused on.[6] Hemispheric dependent gyrus activation has also been shown by isolating visual fields rather than by diverting focus.[7]
Role in word processing
The lingual gyrus is a structure in the visual cortex that plays an important role in the identification and recognition of words.[8] Studies have implied the lingual gyrus is involved with modulating visual stimuli (especially letters), but is not related to whether or not the stimulus was a word Further, the gyrus is related to the naming of stimuli.[9][10][11] Furthermore, the gyrus has shown significant activation when moving from high to low contrast words as well as a correlation between word length and regional activation.[12]
In addition to recognition of letters, the region has been linked to semantic processing. Subjects with aphasia were tested with a variety of aphasia tests while undergoing fMRI to determine which areas were affected. Repetition of stimuli led to modulation in the lingual gyrus in subjects not afflicted, while those with aphasia showed significantly less modulation.[13]
Similarly, the region is activated by non-verbal, logic-based conditions. Subjects tasked with attributing intentions to characters in comic strips showed activation in the gyrus when comparing physical logic with and without characters. For example: if a subject was intended to determine what a character will do, the region will activate. Conversely, if the comic depicted a physical event without characters, the region was relatively dormant.[14]
Additional studies have shown a relationship between memorization and activation in the gyrus. When subjects were tasked with pairing abstract nouns with either visual imagery or sentence generation, many areas in the occipital lobe - namely the lingual gyrus - showed task-selective memory effects. This effect was primarily linked to visual imagery as there were no significant effects associated with sentence generation.[15] This link between memory and the gyrus extends to retrieval fluency in children, as well. Studies have shown elevated signals in the lingual gyrus when subjects were tasked with retrieval of facts while problem solving. Control samples show the activation is not linked to the problem solving itself, rather the recollection. This suggests a potential link between the lingual gyrus and hippocampal regions in the brain.[16] Furthermore, the gyrus is potentially linked to the amygdala. Gyrus activation was observed when subjects were tasked with verbalizing high-emotion words in contrast to neutral-emotion words.[17] A second study linked the regions with high-emotion images. When subjects were shown emotional images, the amygdala and lingual gyrus both activated significantly more when compared to neutral-emotion images.[18]
Additional Images
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Position of lingual gyrus (shown in red).
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Gyri and sulci of occipital and temporal lobe.
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Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere. Medial view. Deep dissection.
See also
References
- ^ Gray. Henry. Peter L. Williams. and Henry Gray. Gray's Anatomy. Edinburgh: C. Livingstone. 1989. Print.
- ^ Mendoza. John E.. and Anne L. Foundas. Clinical Neuroanatomy: A Neurobehavioral Approach. New York: Springer. 2008. Print.
- ^ Bogousslavsky. J.. Miklossy. J.. Deruaz. J. P.. Assal. G.. 8. Regli. F. (1987). Lingual and fusiform gyri in visual processing: a clinico-pathologic study of superior altitudinal hemianopia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 50(5). 607-614.
- ^ Schankin, C.J., Maniyar, F.H., Sprenger, T., Chou, D.E., Eller, M., & Goadsby, P.J. (2014). The relation between migraine, typical migraine aura and "visual snow". Headache, 54(6), 957-66. doi: 10.1111/head.12378
- ^ Machielsen, W. C., Rombouts, S. A., Barkhof, F., Scheltens, P., & Witter, M. P. (2000). FMRI of visual encoding: reproducibility of activation. Hum Brain Mapp, 9(3), 156-164.
- ^ Mangun, G. R., Buonocore, M. H., Girelli, M., & Jha, A. P. (1998). ERP and fMRI measures of visual spatial selective attention. Hum Brain Mapp, 6(5-6), 383-389.
- ^ Driver, J., & Spence, C. (2000). Multisensory perception: Beyond modularity and convergence. Current Biology, 10(20), R731-R735. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00740-5
- ^ Mechelli. A.. Humphreys. G. W.. Mayall. K.. Olson. A.. 8. Price. C. J. (2000). Differential effects of word length and visual contrast in the fusiform and lingual gyri during reading. Proc Biol Sci. 267(1455). 1909-1913.
- ^ Howard. D.. Patterson. K..Wise. R.. Brown.W. D.. Friston. K.. Weiller. C. 8. Frackowiak. R. S. J. 1992 The cortical localization of the lexicons: positron emission tomography evidence. Brain 115. 1769-1782.
- ^ Price. C. J.. Wise. R.. Watson. J.. Patterson. K.. Howard. D. 8. Frackowiak. R. S. J. 1994 Brain activity during reading: the effects of task and exposure duration. Brain 117. 1255-1269.
- ^ Bookheimer. S. Y.. Zefro. T. A.. Blaxton. T.. Gaillard. W. 8. Theodore.W. 1995 Regional cerebral blood flow during object naming and word reading. Hum. Brain Mapp. 3. 93"106.
- ^ Mechelli. A.. Humphreys. G. W.. Mayall. K.. Olson. A.. 8. Price. C. J. (2000). Differential effects of word length and visual contrast in the fusiform and lingual gyri during reading. Proc Biol Sci. 267(1455). 1909-1913.
- ^ Heath, S., McMahon, K. L., Nickels, L., Angwin, A., Macdonald, A. D., van Hees, S., . . . Copland, D. A. (2012). Neural mechanisms underlying the facilitation of naming in aphasia using a semantic task: an fMRI study. BMC Neurosci, 13(1), 98. doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-98
- ^ Brunet, E., Sarfati, Y., Hardy-Baylé, M.-C., & Decety, J. (2000). A PET Investigation of the Attribution of Intentions with a Nonverbal Task. NeuroImage, 11(2), 157-166. doi: 10.1006/nimg.1999.0525
- ^ Leshikar, E. D., Duarte, A., & Hertzog, C. (2012). Task-Selective Memory Effects for Successfully Implemented Encoding Strategies. [Article]. Plos One, 7(5). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038160
- ^ Cho, S., Metcalfe, A. W. S., Young, C. B., Ryali, S., Geary, D. C., & Menon, V. (2012). Hippocampal-Prefrontal Engagement and Dynamic Causal Interactions in the Maturation of Children's Fact Retrieval. [Article]. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(9), 1849-1866.
- ^ Isenberg, N., Silbersweig, D., Engelien, A., Emmerich, S., Malavade, K., Beattie, B., . . . Stern, E. (1999). Linguistic threat activates the human amygdala. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96(18), 10456-10459.
- ^ Kehoe, E. G., Toomey, J. M., Balsters, J. H., & Bokde, A. L. (2012). Healthy aging is associated with increased neural processing of positive valence but attenuated processing of emotional arousal: an fMRI study. Neurobiol Aging. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.07.006
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lingual gyrus. |
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Human brain: forebrain (cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres, grey matter) (TA A14.1.09.002–240, 301–320, GA 9.818–826)
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| Frontal lobe |
| Superolateral |
| Prefrontal |
- Superior frontal gyrus
- Middle frontal gyrus
- Inferior frontal gyrus: 11l
- 47-Pars orbitalis
- Broca's area
- 44-Pars opercularis
- 45-Pars triangularis
- Superior frontal sulcus
- Inferior frontal sulcus
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| Precentral |
- Precentral gyrus
- Precentral sulcus
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| Medial/inferior |
| Prefrontal |
- Superior frontal gyrus
- Medial frontal gyrus
- Paraterminal gyrus/Paraolfactory area
- Straight gyrus
- Orbital gyri/Orbitofrontal cortex
- Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
- Subcallosal area
- Olfactory sulcus
- Orbital sulci
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| Precentral |
- Paracentral lobule
- Paracentral sulcus
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| Both |
- Primary motor cortex
- Premotor cortex
- Supplementary motor area
- Supplementary eye field
- Frontal eye fields
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| Parietal lobe |
| Superolateral |
- Superior parietal lobule
- Inferior parietal lobule
- 40-Supramarginal gyrus
- 39-Angular gyrus
- Parietal operculum
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| Medial/inferior |
- Paracentral lobule
- Precuneus
- Marginal sulcus
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| Both |
- Postcentral gyrus/primary somatosensory cortex
- Secondary somatosensory cortex
- Posterior parietal cortex
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| Occipital lobe |
| Superolateral |
- Occipital pole of cerebrum
- Lateral occipital gyrus
- Lunate sulcus
- Transverse occipital sulcus
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| Medial/inferior |
- Primary visual cortex
- Cuneus
- Lingual gyrus
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| Temporal lobe |
| Superolateral |
- Transverse temporal gyrus/Primary auditory cortex
- Superior temporal gyrus
- Middle temporal gyrus
- Superior temporal sulcus
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| Medial/inferior |
- Fusiform gyrus
- Medial temporal lobe
- Inferior temporal gyrus
- Inferior temporal sulcus
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Interlobar
sulci/fissures |
| Superolateral |
- Central (frontal+parietal)
- Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
- Parieto-occipital
- Preoccipital notch
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| Medial/inferior |
- Medial longitudinal
- Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
- Collateral (temporal+occipital)
- Callosal sulcus
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| Limbic lobe |
| Parahippocampal gyrus |
- anterior
- Entorhinal cortex
- Perirhinal cortex
- Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
- Prepyriform area
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| Cingulate cortex/gyrus |
- Subgenual area
- Anterior cingulate
- Posterior cingulate
- Isthmus of cingulate gyrus: Retrosplenial cortex
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| Hippocampal formation |
- Hippocampal sulcus
- Fimbria of hippocampus
- Dentate gyrus
- Rhinal sulcus
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| Other |
- Supracallosal gyrus
- Uncus
- Amygdala
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| Insular lobe |
- Long gyrus of insula
- Short gyri of insula
- Circular sulcus of insula
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| General |
- Operculum
- Poles of cerebral hemispheres
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Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.
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anat (n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp
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noco (m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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proc, drug (N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)
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Sensory system: Visual system and eye movement pathways
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| Visual perception |
- 1° (Retina bipolar cell) → 2° (Ganglionic cell) → 3° (Optic nerve → Optic chiasm → Optic tract → LGN of Thalamus) → 4° (Optic radiation → Cuneus and Lingual gyrus of Visual cortex → Blobs → Globs)
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| Muscles of orbit |
| Tracking |
| Smooth pursuit: |
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
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| Saccade: |
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- Nystagmus → Fixation reflex → PPRF
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| Horizontal gaze |
- PPRF → Abducens nucleus → MLF → Oculomotor nucleus → Medial rectus muscle
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| Vertical gaze |
- Rostral interstitial nucleus → Oculomotor nucleus, Trochlear nucleus → Muscles of orbit
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| Vestibulo–ocular reflex |
- Semicircular canal → Vestibulocochlear nerve → Vestibular nuclei → Abducens nucleus → MLF (Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers) → Oculomotor nucleus → Medial rectus muscle
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| Pupillary reflex |
| Pupillary response |
- 1° (Posterior hypothalamus → Ciliospinal center) → 2° (Superior cervical ganglion) → 3° (Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion → Nasociliary nerve → Long ciliary nerves → Iris dilator muscle)
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Pupillary light reflex
(constriction) |
- 1° (Retina → Optic nerve → Optic chiasm → Optic tract → Pretectal nucleus) → 2° (Edinger–Westphal nucleus) → 3° (Oculomotor nerve → Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion → Ciliary ganglion) → (4° Short ciliary nerves → Iris sphincter muscle)
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Accommodation
vergence |
- 1° (Retina → Optic nerve → Optic chiasm → Optic tract → Visual cortex → Brodmann area 19 → Pretectal area) → 2° (Edinger–Westphal nucleus) → 3° (Short ciliary nerves → Ciliary ganglion → Ciliary muscle)
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| Circadian rhythm |
- Retina → Hypothalamus (Suprachiasmatic nucleus)
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anat (g/a/p)/phys/devp/prot
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proc, drug (S1A/1E/1F/1L)
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