leukodermia

Vitiligo
	Classification and external resources
	Non-segmental vitiligo of the hand.
ICD-10	L80
ICD-9	709.01
OMIM	193200
DiseasesDB	13965
MedlinePlus	000831
eMedicine	derm/453
MeSH	D014820

白斑症

関: leukoderma、leukoplakia、vitiligo

WordNet

an acquired skin disease characterized by patches of unpigmented skin (often surrounded by a heavily pigmented border)
a congenital skin condition characterized by spots or bands of unpigmented skin

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/17 14:11:03」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Vitiligo /ˌvɪtɨˈlaɪɡoʊ/ is a condition that causes depigmentation of parts of the skin. It occurs when melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin pigmentation, die or are unable to function. The cause of vitiligo is unknown, but research suggests that it may arise from autoimmune, genetic, oxidative stress, neural, or viral causes.^[1] The incidence worldwide is less than 1%.^[2] There are two main types of vitiligo: idiopathic and chemical.^[3] Most vitiligo is idiopathic; however, in cases where it is triggered by skin bleaching or other substances, it is said to be chemical.

Signs and symptoms

Vitiligo on lighter skin

Vitiligo on darker skin

The most notable symptom of vitiligo is patchy areas of skin that have lost their pigment which tends to occur on the extremities.^[4]^[5] Although patches are initially small, they often grow and change shape.^[1]^[4] When skin lesions occur, they are most prominent on the face, hands and wrists.^[4]^[5] The loss of skin pigmentation is particularly noticeable around body orifices, such as the mouth, eyes, nostrils, genitalia and umbilicus.^[4]^[5] Some lesions have increased skin pigment around the edges.^[6] Patients who are stigmatized for their condition may experience depression and similar mood disorders.^[7] A black light (also referred to as a UVA light, Wood's lamp, or simply ultraviolet light) can be used in the early phase of this disease for identification and to determine effectiveness of treatment. Skin with vitiligo, when exposed to a black light, will glow yellow, green or blue. In contrast, healthy skin will have no reaction.

Cause

Non-segmental

In non-segmental vitiligo (NSV), there is usually some form of symmetry in the location of the patches of depigmentation. New patches also appear over time and can be generalized over large portions of the body or localized to a particular area. Vitiligo where little pigmented skin remains is referred to as vitiligo universalis. NSV can come about at any age (unlike segmental vitiligo, which is far more prevalent in teenage years).^[6]

Classes of non-segmental vitiligo include:

Generalized Vitiligo: the most common pattern, wide and randomly distributed areas of depigmentation^[8]
Universal Vitiligo: depigmentation encompasses most of the body^[8]
Focal Vitiligo: one or a few scattered macules in one area, most common in children^[8]
Acrofacial Vitiligo: fingers and periorificial areas^[8]
Mucosal Vitiligo: depigmentation of only the mucous membranes^[8]

Segmental

Segmental vitiligo (SV) differs in appearance, etiology and prevalence from associated illnesses. Its treatment is different from that of NSV. It tends to affect areas of skin that are associated with dorsal roots from the spine and is most often unilateral. It spreads much more rapidly than NSV and, without treatment, it is much more stable/ static in course and is not associated with auto-immune diseases. It is a very treatable condition that responds to topical treatment.^[6]

Differential diagnosis

Conditions with similar symptoms include the following:

Pityriasis alba
Tuberculoid leprosy
Postinflammatory hypopigmentation
Tinea versicolor^[8]
Albinism
Piebaldism^[8]
Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis^[8]
Progressive macular hypomelanosis^[8]
Primary adrenal insufficiency

Pathogenesis

Vitiligo is a disorder characterized by patchy loss of skin pigmentation. Variations in genes that are part of the immune system or part of melanocytes have both been associated with vitiligo. The immune system genes are associated with other autoimmune disorders.

In one case, the gene TYR, which makes the melanocyte more susceptible to the immune system in vitiligo, also makes the melanocyte more susceptible to the immune system in the skin cancer malignant melanoma. Therefore, people with vitiligo caused by the TYR gene are less likely to have malignant melanoma.

A genomewide association study found 10 independent susceptibility loci for generalized vitiligo, responsible for 7.4% of the genetic risk. Some patients had vitiligo alone; others had generalized vitiligo with other autoimmune diseases. Most loci were associated with both forms. (The exception was PTPN22, which was only associated with generalized vitiligo.) In the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, which controls the immune system, major association signals were identified in the class I gene region (between HLA-A and HLA-HGC9) and class II gene region (between HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1). Outside the MHC region, association signals were identified near RERE, PTPN22, LPP, IL2RA, GZMB, UBASH3A and C1QTNF6 genes, which are associated with other autoimmune diseases. TYR encodes tyrosinase, which is not a component of the immune system, but is an enzyme of the melanocyte that catalyzes melanin biosynthesis, and a major autoantigen in generalized vitiligo. The major alleles of TYR are associated with vitiligo, and the minor alleles are associated with malignant melanoma. Vitiligo-associated 402R tyrosinase may be more efficiently presented to the immune system. Melanoma-associated 402Q may fail to be identified by the immune system.^[9]

The transcriptional profile of melanocytes from vitiligo patients have been studied. Oligonucleotide microarrays containing approximately 16,000 unique genes were used to analyse mRNA expression in melanocytes from vitiligo patients and age-matched healthy controls. In total, 859 genes were identified as differentially expressed.^[10]

Vitiligo is sometimes associated with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases,^[11] commonly thyroid overexpression and underexpression. A study comparing 656 people with and without vitiligo in 114 families found several mutations (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) in the NALP1 gene. The NALP1 gene, which is on chromosome 17 located at 17p13, is on a cascade that regulates inflammation and cell death, including myeloid and lymphoid cells, which are white cells that are part of the immune response. NALP1 is expressed at high levels in T cells and Langerhan cells, white blood cells that are involved in skin autoimmunity. Polymorphisms of CD4 were shown to be associated with the vitiligo and other autoimmune diseases like type I Diabetes Mellitus.^[12]

Among the inflammatory products of NALP1 are caspase 1 and caspase 7, which activate the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β. Interleukin-1β is expressed at high levels in patients with vitiligo. Some compounds inhibit caspase and interleukin-1β, and so might be useful drugs for vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases. In one of the mutations, the amino acid leucine in the NALP1 protein was replaced by histidine (Leu155->His). The original protein and sequence is highly conserved in evolution, and found in humans, chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, and bush baby, which means that it is an important protein and an alteration is likely to be harmful. Addison's disease (typically an autoimmune destruction of the adrenal glands) may cause vitiligo.^[13]^[14]

Treatment

There are a number of treatments for vitiligo with the best evidence for applied steroids and the combination of ultraviolet light in combination with creams.^[15] Due to the higher risks of skin cancer, the NHS suggests phototherapy only be used if primary treatments are ineffective.^[16]

Phototherapy

Exposing the skin to UVB light from UVB lamps is the most common treatment for vitiligo. The treatments can be done at home with a domestic UVB lamp or in a clinic. It is important to control the exposure time so that the skin does not burn from overexposure. Treatment can take a few weeks if the spots are on the neck and face and if they existed not more than 3 years. If the spots are on the hands and legs and have been there more than 3 years, it can take a few months. In a clinic the treatments are done 2–3 times a week, and at home every day, which makes the home treatments more effective. Spots on a large area of the body may require full body treatment in a clinic or hospital. Both UVB broadband and UVB narrowband lamps can be used.^[17]^[18] There is no treatment that totally repigments the skin. Adding a psoralen, a photosensitizer, or an immunomodulant^[19] that increases the effect of the UV light can aid in partial repigmentation.

A 1997 report suggests that combining vitamin B₁₂ and folic acid supplements with sun exposure caused repigmentation in 52% of cases.^[20]

Ultraviolet light (UVA) treatments are normally carried out in a hospital clinic.Psoralen and ultraviolet A light (PUVA) treatment involves taking a drug that increases the skin's sensitivity to ultraviolet light, then exposing the skin to high doses of UVA light. Treatment is required twice a week for 6–12 months or longer. Because of the high doses of UVA and psoralen, PUVA may cause side effects such as sunburn-type reactions or skin freckling.^[16]

Narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy is now used more commonly than PUVA as it is less damaging to the skin. As with PUVA, treatment is carried out twice weekly in a clinic or every day at home, and there is no need to use psoralen.^[16]

Immune mediators

Tentative evidence supports a role for tacrolimus.^[21] There is tentative short term evidence for pimecrolimus but long term data is missing.^[22]

Skin camouflage

In mild cases, vitiligo patches can be hidden with makeup or other cosmetic camouflage solutions. If the affected person is pale-skinned, the patches can be made less visible by avoiding tanning of affected skin.^[8]

De-pigmenting

In cases of extensive vitiligo the option to de-pigment the unaffected skin with topical drugs like monobenzone, mequinol, or hydroquinone may be considered to render the skin an even colour. The removal of all the skin pigment with monobenzone is permanent and vigorous. Sun-safety must be adhered to for life to avoid severe sun burn and melanomas. Depigmentation takes about a year to complete.^[16]

Transplanting melanocytes

In October 1992, a scientific report was published of successfully transplanting melanocytes to vitiligo affected areas, effectively repigmenting the region.^[23] The procedure involved taking a thin layer of pigmented skin from the patient's gluteal region. Melanocytes were then separated out to a cellular suspension that was expanded in culture. The area to be treated was then denuded with a dermabrader and the melanocytes graft applied. Between 70 and 85 percent of patients experienced nearly complete repigmentation of their skin. The longevity of the repigmentation differed from person to person.^[24]

Notable cases

Michael Jackson said that he was diagnosed with vitiligo universalis.

Michael Jackson announced publicly in a 90-minute interview with Oprah Winfrey in February 1993 that he had vitiligo. This was confirmed by the autopsy report following his death in 2009.^[25]
Jon Hamm reported developing stress-induced vitiligo while working on the series Mad Men.^[26]
UFC fighter Scott Jorgensen suffers from a particularly aggressive form of the disease and has received the unofficial nickname 'Spotty' as a result of the appearance it causes his skin to have. In 2012 Jorgensen claimed to have allowed the disease to "pretty much take over" and as a result give his skin a uniform colour.^[27]
The Canadian model Chantelle Brown-Young has a prominent form of vitiligo. Her participation in the America's Next Top Model contest led to her being called a "vitiligo spokesmodel".^[28]
US Rapper Krizz Kaliko also suffers from the condition and named his 2008 debut album vitiligo.

References

^ ^a ^b Halder, RM; Chappell, JL (2009). "Vitiligo update". Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery 28 (2): 86–92. doi:10.1016/j.sder.2009.04.008. PMID 19608058.
^ Nath SK, Majumder PP, Nordlund JJ (1994). "Genetic epidemiology of vitiligo: multilocus recessivity cross-validated". American Journal of Human Genetics 55 (5): 981–90. PMC 1918341. PMID 7977362.
^ Fisher's Contact Dermatitis by Alexander Fisher, pg 470
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (March 2007). "What Is Vitiligo? Fast Facts: An Easy-to-Read Series of Publications for the Public Additional". Retrieved 2010-07-18.
^ ^a ^b ^c Halder RM, et al. (2007). "72. Vitiligo". In Wolff K, Freedberg IM, Fitzpatrick TB (eds). Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-146690-5. OCLC 154751587.
^ ^a ^b ^c Huggins RH, Schwartz RA, Janniger CK (2005). "Vitiligo". Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina, Panonica, et Adriatica 14 (4): 137–42, 144–5. PMID 16435042.
^ Picardi A, Pasquini P, Cattaruzza MS, Gaetano P, Melchi CF, Baliva G, Camaioni D, Tiago A, Abeni D, Biondi M (2003). "Stressful life events, social support, attachment security and alexithymia in vitiligo. A case-control study". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 72 (3): 150–8. doi:10.1159/000069731. PMID 12707482.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Halder RM, et al. Vitiligo. In: Wolff K, et al. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 7th ed. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2007
^ Jin Y, Birlea SA, Fain PR, et al. (2010). "Variant of TYR and Autoimmunity Susceptibility Loci in Generalized Vitiligo". N. Engl. J. Med. 362 (18): 1686–97. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0908547. PMC 2891985. PMID 20410501.
^ Strömberg S, Björklund MG, Asplund A, et al. (2008). "Transcriptional profiling of melanocytes from patients with vitiligo vulgaris". Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research 21 (2): 162–71. doi:10.1111/j.1755-148X.2007.00429.x. PMID 18426409.
^ Hedstrand H, Ekwall O, Olsson MJ, et al. (2001). "The transcription factors SOX9 and SOX10 are vitiligo autoantigens in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 (38): 35390–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.M102391200. PMID 11423552.
^ Mashaghi A et al. (2010). "Possible association of the CD4 gene polymorphism with vitiligo". Clin Exp Dermatol 35 (5): 521–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03667.x. PMID 19843086.
^ Gregersen PK (2007). "Modern genetics, ancient defenses, and potential therapies". The New England Journal of Medicine 356 (12): 1263–6. doi:10.1056/NEJMe078017. PMID 17377166.
^ Jin Y, Mailloux CM, Gowan K, et al. (2007). "NALP1 in vitiligo-associated multiple autoimmune disease". The New England Journal of Medicine 356 (12): 1216–25. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061592. PMID 17377159.
^ Whitton, ME; Ashcroft, DM; González, U (Oct 2008). "Therapeutic interventions for vitiligo.". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 59 (4): 713–7. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.06.023. PMID 18793940. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Anon. "Vitiligo -Treatment". Patient UK. NHS. Retrieved 2013-06-03.
^ Scherschun, L; Kim, JJ; Lim, HW (2001). "Narrow-band ultraviolet B is a useful and well-tolerated treatment for vitiligo". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 44 (6): 999–1003. doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.114752. PMID 11369913.
^ Don, Philip; Iuga, Aurel; Dacko, Anne; Hardick, Kathleen (2006). "Treatment of vitiligo with broadband ultraviolet B and vitamins". International Journal of Dermatology 45 (1): 63–5. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005.02447.x. PMID 16426381.
^ Nisticò S, Chiricozzi A, Saraceno R, Schipani C, Chimenti S (Jan 2012). "Vitiligo treatment with monochromatic excimer light and tacrolimus: results of an open randomized controlled study". Photomed Laser Surg. 30 (1): 26–30. doi:10.1089/pho.2011.3029. PMID 22054204.
^ Juhlin L, Olsson MJ (1997). "Improvement of vitiligo after oral treatment with vitamin B12 and folic acid and the importance of sun exposure". Acta Derm. Venereol. 77 (6): 460–2. PMID 9394983.
^ Tjioe, M; Vissers, WH; Gerritsen, MJ (2006). "Topical macrolide immunomodulators: a role in the treatment of vitiligo?". American journal of clinical dermatology 7 (1): 7–12. doi:10.2165/00128071-200607010-00002. PMID 16489839. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Boone, B; Ongenae, K; Van Geel, N; Vernijns, S; De Keyser, S; Naeyaert, JM (Jan–Feb 2007). "Topical pimecrolimus in the treatment of vitiligo.". European journal of dermatology : EJD 17 (1): 55–61. PMID 17324829. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Olsson MJ, Juhlin L (1992). "Melanocyte transplantation in vitiligo". Lancet 340 (8825): 981. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92875-G. PMID 1357390.
^ Olsson MJ, Juhlin L (2002). "Long-term follow-up of leucoderma patients treated with transplants of autologous cultured melanocytes, ultrathin epidermal sheets and basal cell layer suspension". The British Journal of Dermatology 147 (5): 893–904. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04837.x. PMID 12410698.
^ Duke, Alan (7 May 2013). "Autopsy reveals Michael Jackson's secrets". CNN Entertainment (CNN). Retrieved 7 May 2013. "The autopsy confirmed what Jackson told people who questioned why his skin tone became lighter in the 1980s. Jackson had 'vitiligo, a skin pigmentation disease,' [LA coroner Dr. Christopher] Rogers said. 'So, some areas of the skin appear light and others appear dark.'"
^ "Mad Men star Jon Hamm blames skin disease on stress | Don Draper". Theage.com.au. Retrieved 2014-02-11.
^ "Scott Jorgensen's extreme Vitiligo solution". mixedmartialarts.com. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
^ Taylor, Victoria (8 May 2014). "‘America’s Next Top Model’ contestant hasn't let rare skin condition hold her back". New York Daily News. Retrieved 9 May 2014.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vitiligo.

Vitiligo at DMOZ

English Journal

Normal and abnormal skin color.

Ortonne JP.SourceDepartment of Dermatology, Archet-2 Hospital, BP 3079, Nice cedex 3, France. jean-paul.ortonne@unice.fr
Annales de dermatologie et de vénéréologie.Ann Dermatol Venereol.2012 Dec;139 Suppl 4:S125-9. doi: 10.1016/S0151-9638(12)70123-0.
The varieties of normal skin color in humans range from people of "no color" (pale white) to "people of color" (light brown, dark brown, and black). Skin color is a blend resulting from the skin chromophores red (oxyhaemoglobin), blue (deoxygenated haemoglobin), yellow-orange (carotene, an exogenous
PMID 23522626

[Normal and abnormal skin color].

Ortonne JP.SourceService de Dermatologie, Hôpital Archet- 2, BP 3079, 06202 Nice cedex 3, France. jean-paul.ortonne@unice.fr
Annales de dermatologie et de vénéréologie.Ann Dermatol Venereol.2012 Nov;139 Suppl 3:S73-7. doi: 10.1016/S0151-9638(12)70114-X.
The varieties of normal skin color in humans range from people of "no color" (pale white) to "people of color" (light brown, dark brown, and black). Skin color is a blend resulting from the skin chromophores red (oxyhaemoglobin), blue (deoxygenated haemoglobin), yellow-orange (carotene, an exogenous
PMID 23260521

Waardenburg syndrome type I in a child with de novo inversion (2)(q35q37.3).

Ishikiriyama S, Tonoki H, Shibuya Y, Chin S, Harada N, Abe K, Niikawa N.SourceDivision of Medical Genetics, Chiba Children's Hospital, Japan.
American journal of medical genetics.Am J Med Genet.1989 Aug;33(4):505-7.
We report on a child with Waardenburg syndrome type I and a paracentric inversion of chromosome 2. This 20 month-old boy has dystopia canthorum, sensorineural deafness, heterochromia iridis, partially albinotic ocular fundi, and partial leukodermia. He does not have mental retardation or any skeleta
PMID 2596512

Japanese Journal

肝・ひに多発性の白斑を認め肝機能障害を来したサルコイドーシスの１例

牧村士郎,井上幹郎,阿部庄作,川上義和,前久保博士
日本内科学会雑誌 76(9), 1449-1451, 1987
30才,女性.サルコイド-シスの経過中に肝機能検査にて, ZTT, TTT, γ-GTP, LAP, ALPの異常を認め,腹部CTスキャンにて肝脾腫大,および肝脾にmultiple low density areaを認めた.腹腔鏡所見では,肝表面に直径5mm程度の白斑を多数認め,生検の結果,類上皮細胞やラングハンス型巨細胞,異物巨細胞からなる非乾酪性類上皮細胞性肉芽腫が認められた.肝脾サルコイドー …
NAID 130000901429

Related Pictures

[halder-1] Halder, RM; Chappell, JL (2009). "Vitiligo update". Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery 28 (2): 86–92. doi:10.1016/j.sder.2009.04.008. PMID 19608058.

[pmid7977362-2] Nath SK, Majumder PP, Nordlund JJ (1994). "Genetic epidemiology of vitiligo: multilocus recessivity cross-validated". American Journal of Human Genetics 55 (5): 981–90. PMC 1918341. PMID 7977362.

[3] Fisher's Contact Dermatitis by Alexander Fisher, pg 470

[niams-4] National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (March 2007). "What Is Vitiligo? Fast Facts: An Easy-to-Read Series of Publications for the Public Additional". Retrieved 2010-07-18.

[halder2-5] Halder RM, et al. (2007). "72. Vitiligo". In Wolff K, Freedberg IM, Fitzpatrick TB (eds). Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-146690-5. OCLC 154751587.

[huggins-6] Huggins RH, Schwartz RA, Janniger CK (2005). "Vitiligo". Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina, Panonica, et Adriatica 14 (4): 137–42, 144–5. PMID 16435042.

[picardi-7] Picardi A, Pasquini P, Cattaruzza MS, Gaetano P, Melchi CF, Baliva G, Camaioni D, Tiago A, Abeni D, Biondi M (2003). "Stressful life events, social support, attachment security and alexithymia in vitiligo. A case-control study". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 72 (3): 150–8. doi:10.1159/000069731. PMID 12707482.

[halder07-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Halder RM, et al. Vitiligo. In: Wolff K, et al. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 7th ed. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2007

[Jin-9] Jin Y, Birlea SA, Fain PR, et al. (2010). "Variant of TYR and Autoimmunity Susceptibility Loci in Generalized Vitiligo". N. Engl. J. Med. 362 (18): 1686–97. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0908547. PMC 2891985. PMID 20410501.

[10] Strömberg S, Björklund MG, Asplund A, et al. (2008). "Transcriptional profiling of melanocytes from patients with vitiligo vulgaris". Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research 21 (2): 162–71. doi:10.1111/j.1755-148X.2007.00429.x. PMID 18426409.

[11] Hedstrand H, Ekwall O, Olsson MJ, et al. (2001). "The transcription factors SOX9 and SOX10 are vitiligo autoantigens in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 (38): 35390–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.M102391200. PMID 11423552.

[12] Mashaghi A et al. (2010). "Possible association of the CD4 gene polymorphism with vitiligo". Clin Exp Dermatol 35 (5): 521–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03667.x. PMID 19843086.

[13] Gregersen PK (2007). "Modern genetics, ancient defenses, and potential therapies". The New England Journal of Medicine 356 (12): 1263–6. doi:10.1056/NEJMe078017. PMID 17377166.

[NALP2-14] Jin Y, Mailloux CM, Gowan K, et al. (2007). "NALP1 in vitiligo-associated multiple autoimmune disease". The New England Journal of Medicine 356 (12): 1216–25. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061592. PMID 17377159.

[15] Whitton, ME; Ashcroft, DM; González, U (Oct 2008). "Therapeutic interventions for vitiligo.". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 59 (4): 713–7. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.06.023. PMID 18793940. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[UK-16] Anon. "Vitiligo -Treatment". Patient UK. NHS. Retrieved 2013-06-03.

[17] Scherschun, L; Kim, JJ; Lim, HW (2001). "Narrow-band ultraviolet B is a useful and well-tolerated treatment for vitiligo". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 44 (6): 999–1003. doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.114752. PMID 11369913.

[18] Don, Philip; Iuga, Aurel; Dacko, Anne; Hardick, Kathleen (2006). "Treatment of vitiligo with broadband ultraviolet B and vitamins". International Journal of Dermatology 45 (1): 63–5. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005.02447.x. PMID 16426381.

[19] Nisticò S, Chiricozzi A, Saraceno R, Schipani C, Chimenti S (Jan 2012). "Vitiligo treatment with monochromatic excimer light and tacrolimus: results of an open randomized controlled study". Photomed Laser Surg. 30 (1): 26–30. doi:10.1089/pho.2011.3029. PMID 22054204.

[20] Juhlin L, Olsson MJ (1997). "Improvement of vitiligo after oral treatment with vitamin B12 and folic acid and the importance of sun exposure". Acta Derm. Venereol. 77 (6): 460–2. PMID 9394983.

[21] Tjioe, M; Vissers, WH; Gerritsen, MJ (2006). "Topical macrolide immunomodulators: a role in the treatment of vitiligo?". American journal of clinical dermatology 7 (1): 7–12. doi:10.2165/00128071-200607010-00002. PMID 16489839. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[22] Boone, B; Ongenae, K; Van Geel, N; Vernijns, S; De Keyser, S; Naeyaert, JM (Jan–Feb 2007). "Topical pimecrolimus in the treatment of vitiligo.". European journal of dermatology : EJD 17 (1): 55–61. PMID 17324829. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[23] Olsson MJ, Juhlin L (1992). "Melanocyte transplantation in vitiligo". Lancet 340 (8825): 981. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92875-G. PMID 1357390.

[24] Olsson MJ, Juhlin L (2002). "Long-term follow-up of leucoderma patients treated with transplants of autologous cultured melanocytes, ultrathin epidermal sheets and basal cell layer suspension". The British Journal of Dermatology 147 (5): 893–904. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04837.x. PMID 12410698.

[jackson_autopsy-25] Duke, Alan (7 May 2013). "Autopsy reveals Michael Jackson's secrets". CNN Entertainment (CNN). Retrieved 7 May 2013. "The autopsy confirmed what Jackson told people who questioned why his skin tone became lighter in the 1980s. Jackson had 'vitiligo, a skin pigmentation disease,' [LA coroner Dr. Christopher] Rogers said. 'So, some areas of the skin appear light and others appear dark.'"

[26] "Mad Men star Jon Hamm blames skin disease on stress | Don Draper". Theage.com.au. Retrieved 2014-02-11.

[27] "Scott Jorgensen's extreme Vitiligo solution". mixedmartialarts.com. Retrieved 2014-04-07.

[.E2.80.98America.E2.80.99s_Next_Top_Model.E2.80.99_contestant_hasn.27t_let_rare_skin_condition_hold_her_back-28] Taylor, Victoria (8 May 2014). "‘America’s Next Top Model’ contestant hasn't let rare skin condition hold her back". New York Daily News. Retrieved 9 May 2014.

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