同: lesser cornu

同: lesser cornu

WordNet

stab or pierce with a horn or tusk; "the rhino horned the explorer" (同)tusk
the material (mostly keratin) that covers the horns of ungulates and forms hooves and claws and nails
a high pommel of a Western saddle (usually metal covered with leather) (同)saddle horn
a device having the shape of a horn; "horns at the ends of a new moon"; "the hornof an anvil"; "the cleat had two horns"
a noisemaker (as at parties or games) that makes a loud noise when you blow through it
an alarm device that makes a loud warning sound
any hard protuberance from the head of an organism that is similar to or suggestive of a horn
one of the bony outgrowths on the heads of certain ungulates
a noise made by the driver of an automobile to give warning;
comparative of little; "she walks less than she should"; "he works less these days"
used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs; "less interesting"; "less expensive"; "less quickly" (同)to a lesser extent
(comparative of `little usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree; "of less importance"; "less time to spend with the family"; "a shower uses less water"; "less than three years old"
(nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer; "less than three weeks"; "no less than 50 people attended"; "in 25 words or less"
(usually preceded by `no'
smaller in size or amount or value; "the lesser powers of Europe"; "the lesser anteater"
of less size or importance; "the lesser anteater"; "the lesser of two evils"
having a horn or horns or hornlike parts or horns of a particular kind; "horned viper"; "great horned owl"; "the unicorn--a mythical horned beast"; "long-horned cattle"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(牛・羊・ヤギ・シカなどの)『角』;(カタツムリの)触角;(ミミズクの)耳 / 〈U〉(細工の材料としての)角 / 〈C〉角製の物,角笛 / 〈C〉『警笛』 / 〈C〉ホルン(金管楽器で,初めは動物の角で作ったが,現在は金属やプラスチックで作る);フレンチホルモン(French horn);《俗》トランペット / 〈C〉角状のもの;新月(三日月)のとがった先端 / …‘を'角で突く / 角でできた,角製の
(量が)(…より)『もっと少ない』,いっそう少ない;(大きさ・価値・程度などが)(…より)『もっと少ない』,さらに劣る,もっと低い《+『than』…》 / もっと少なく,…ほどでなく《+『than…』》 / 《形容詞・副詞の劣勢の意の比較級を作るのに用いて》…ほど…でない《+『than…』》 / さらに少ない数(量) / …だけ足りない,を引いた
『いっそう小さい(少ない,重要でない)』,より劣った
《しばしば複合語を作って》「…のある」の意を表す / 《古》三日月形をした
ほう(驚き・賞賛・冷笑などの発声);お‐い(呼びかけ・注意などの発声)
娼婦・売春婦：（whoreの発音をくずしたもの）

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/23 15:39:42」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The hyoid bone (lingual bone) (/ˈhaɪɔɪd/;^[2]^[3] Latin os hyoideum) is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies at the level of the base of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra (C3) behind.

Unlike other bones, the hyoid is only distantly articulated to other bones by muscles or ligaments. The hyoid is anchored by muscles from the anterior, posterior and inferior directions, and aids in tongue movement and swallowing. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above, the larynx below, and the epiglottis and pharynx behind.

Its name is derived from Greek hyoeides, meaning "shaped like the letter upsilon (υ)".^[4]^[5]

Structure

The hyoid bone is classed as an irregular bone and consists of a central part called the body, and two pairs of horns, the greater and lesser horns (or cornua).

Horns

The lesser and greater horns of the hyoid

The greater and lesser horns (Latin: cornua) are two sections of bone that project from each side of the hyoid.

The greater horns project backward from the outer borders of the body; they are flattened from above downward and taper to their end, which is a bony tubercle connecting to the lateral thyrohyoid ligament. The upper surface of the greater horns are rough and close to its lateral border, and facilitates muscular attachment. The largest of muscles that attach to the upper surface of the greater horns are the hyoglossus and the middle pharyngeal constrictor, which extend along the whole length of the horns; the digastric muscle and stylohyoid muscle have small insertions in front of these near the junction of the body with the cornu. To the medial border the thyrohyoid membrane is attached, while the anterior half of the lateral border gives insertion to the thyrohyoid muscle. The greater cornua derive from the third pharyngeal arch.^{[citation needed]}

The lesser horns are two small, conical eminences, attached by their bases to the angles of junction between the body and greater horns of the hyoid bone. They are connected to the body of the bone by fibrous tissue, and occasionally to the greater cornua by distinct diarthrodial joints, which usually persist throughout life, but occasionally become ankylosed. The lesser cornua are situated in the line of the transverse ridge on the body and appear to be morphological continuations of it. The apex of each cornu gives attachment to the stylohyoid ligament; the chondroglossus rises from the medial side of the base. The lesser cornua are derived from the second pharyngeal arch also called the hyoid arch.^{[citation needed]}

Development

The second pharyngeal arch also called the hyoid arch, gives rise to the lesser cornu of the hyoid and the upper part of the body of the hyoid. The cartilage of the third pharyngeal arch forms the greater cornu of the hyoid and the lower portion of the body of the hyoid.

The hyoid is ossified from six centers: two for the body, and one for each cornu. Ossification commences in the greater cornua toward the end of fetal development, in the hyoid body shortly afterward, and in the lesser cornua during the first or second year after birth. Until middle age the connection between the body and greater cornu is fibrous.

Muscle attachments

The following muscles are attached to the hyoid:^[6]

Superior

Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Hyoglossus muscle
Genioglossus
Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Suprahyoid muscles
- Digastric muscle
- Stylohyoid muscle
- Geniohyoid muscle
- Mylohyoid muscle

Inferior

Thyrohyoid muscle
Omohyoid muscle
Sternohyoid muscle

Blood supply

Blood is supplied to the hyoid bone via the lingual artery which runs down from the tongue to the greater horns of the bone. A branch of this artery, the suprahyoid branch runs along the upper border of the hyoid bone and supplies blood to the attached muscles.

Function

The hyoid bone is present in many mammals. It allows a wider range of tongue, pharyngeal and laryngeal movements by bracing these structures alongside each other in order to produce variation.^[7] Its descent in living creatures is not unique to Homo sapiens, and does not allow the production of a wide range of sounds: with a lower larynx, men do not produce a wider range of sounds than women and 2-year-old babies. Moreover, the larynx position of Neanderthals was not a handicap to producing speech sounds.^[8] The discovery of a modern-looking hyoid bone of a Neanderthal man in the Kebara Cave in Israel led its discoverers to argue that the Neanderthals had a descended larynx, and thus human-like speech capabilities.^[9] However, other researchers have claimed that the morphology of the hyoid is not indicative of the larynx's position.^[10] It is necessary to take into consideration the skull base, the mandible and the cervical vertebrae and a cranial reference plane.^[11]^[12]

Clinical significance

Due to its position, the hyoid bone is not susceptible to easy fracture. In a suspected case of murder, a fractured hyoid strongly indicates throttling or strangulation in an adult. However, this is not necessarily the case in children and adolescents, where the hyoid bone is still flexible as ossification is yet to be completed. The hyoid bone is hypothesized to play a major role in the function of the upper airway,^[13]^[14] and as such, the development and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA; characterized by repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep). A mechanistic involvement of the hyoid bone in OSA is also supported by numerous studies demonstrating that a more inferiorly positioned hyoid bone is strongly associated with the presence and severity of the disorder.^[15]^[16]A surgical procedure to increase and improve the airway is called a hyoid suspension.

In other animals

The hyoid bone is derived from the lower half of the second gill arch in fish, which separates the first gill slit from the spiracle, and is often called the hyoid arch. In many animals, it also incorporates elements of other gill arches, and has a correspondingly greater number of cornua. Amphibians and reptiles may have many cornua, while mammals (including humans) have two pairs, and birds only one. In birds, and some reptiles, the body of the hyoid is greatly extended forward, creating a solid bony support for the tongue.^[17] The howler monkey Alouatta has a pneumatized hyoid bone, one of the few cases of postcranial pneumatization of bones outside Saurischia.

The hyoid bone of a gecko with attached tracheal rings

Hyoid bones of various birds.

Additional images

Position of hyoid bone (shown in red).
Shape of hyoid bone.
Head and neck of a human embryo eighteen weeks old, with Meckel's cartilage and hyoid bone exposed.
Muscles of the pharynx and cheek.
Muscles of the neck. Lateral view.
Hyoid bone
Muscles, nerves and arteries of neck.Deep dissection. Anterior view.

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ hednk-023—Embryo Images at University of North Carolina
^ Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition, 1989.
^ Entry "hyoid" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
^ Dorland illustrated medical dictionary
^ American heritage dictionary for english language
^ Shaw, S. M.; Martino, R. (2013). "The normal swallow: muscular and neurophysiological control". Otolaryngol Clin North Am 46 (6): 937–956. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2013.09.006.
^ http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/100/12/6930 Descent of the larynx in chimpanzee infants
^ Boë, L.J. et al. The potential of Neandertal vowel space was as large as that of modern humans. Journal of Phonetics 30 (2002) 465–484.
^ Arsenburg, B. et al., A reappraisal of the anatomical basis for speech in middle Paleolithic hominids, in: American Journal of Physiological Anthropology 83 (1990), pp. 137–146.
^ Fitch, Tecumseh W., The evolution of speech: a comparative review, in: Trends in Cognitive Science, Vol. 4, No. 7, July 2000 (http://www3.isrl.uiuc.edu/~junwang4/langev/localcopy/pdf/fitch00speech.pdf)
^ Granat et al., Hyoid bone and larynx in Homo. Estimated position by biometrics, Biom. Hum. et Anthropolol., 2006, 24, 3-4, 243–255.
^ Boë, L.J. et al., Variation and prediction of the hyoid bone position for modern Man and Neanderthal, Biom. Hum. et Anthropolol., 2006, 24, 3-4, 257–271
^ Amatoury, J; Kairaitis, K; Wheatley, JR; Bilston, LE; Amis, TC (1 April 2014). "Peripharyngeal tissue deformation and stress distributions in response to caudal tracheal displacement: pivotal influence of the hyoid bone?". Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 116 (7): 746–56. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01245.2013. PMID 24557799.
^ Amatoury, J; Kairaitis, K; Wheatley, JR; Bilston, LE; Amis, TC (1 February 2015). "Peripharyngeal tissue deformation, stress distributions, and hyoid bone movement in response to mandibular advancement.". Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 118 (3): 282–91. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00668.2014. PMID 25505028.
^ Sforza, E; Bacon, W; Weiss, T; Thibault, A; Petiau, C; Krieger, J (February 2000). "Upper airway collapsibility and cephalometric variables in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 161 (2 Pt 1): 347–52. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.9810091. PMID 10673170.
^ Genta, PR; Schorr, F; Eckert, DJ; Gebrim, E; Kayamori, F; Moriya, HT; Malhotra, A; Lorenzi-Filho, G (1 October 2014). "Upper airway collapsibility is associated with obesity and hyoid position.". Sleep 37 (10): 1673–8. doi:10.5665/sleep.4078. PMID 25197805.
^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 214. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.

External links

Anatomy photo:25:03-0101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center—"Anterior Triangle of the Neck: The Muscular Triangle"
Anatomy diagram: 25420.000-1 at Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator, Elsevier
lesson11 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (larynxskel1)
Mnemonic:Muscles attached

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. ポリオおよび前角細胞への感染性疾患 polio and infectious diseases of the anterior horn
2. 先天性子宮奇形の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of congenital anomalies of the uterus
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4. 子宮外妊娠の発生率、危険因子、および病理 incidence risk factors and pathology of ectopic pregnancy
5. 眼瞼の病変 eyelid lesions

English Journal

Roles of glutamate, substance P, and gastrin-releasing peptide as spinal neurotransmitters of histaminergic and nonhistaminergic itch.

Akiyama T1, Tominaga M2, Takamori K2, Carstens MI1, Carstens E3.Author information 1Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.2Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan.3Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. Electronic address: eecarstens@ucdavis.edu.AbstractWe investigated roles for substance P (SP), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and glutamate in the spinal neurotransmission of histamine-dependent and -independent itch. In anesthetized mice, responses of single superficial dorsal horn neurons to intradermal (i.d.) injection of chloroquine were partially reduced by spinal application of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionate acid (AMPA)/kainate antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). Co-application of CNQX plus a neurokinin-1 (NK-1) antagonist produced stronger inhibition, while co-application of CNQX, NK-1, and GRP receptor (GRPR) antagonists completely inhibited firing. Nociceptive-specific and wide dynamic range-type neurons exhibited differential suppression by CNQX plus either the GRPR or NK-1 antagonist, respectively. Neuronal responses elicited by i.d. histamine were abolished by CNQX alone. In behavioral studies, individual intrathecal administration of a GRPR, NK-1, or AMPA antagonist each significantly attenuated chloroquine-evoked scratching behavior. Co-administration of the NK-1 and AMPA antagonists was more effective, and administration of all 3 antagonists abolished scratching. Intrathecal CNQX alone prevented histamine-evoked scratching behavior. We additionally employed a double-label strategy to investigate molecular markers of pruritogen-sensitive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. DRG cells responsive to histamine and/or chloroquine, identified by calcium imaging, were then processed for co-expression of SP, GRP, or vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 (VGLUT2) immunofluorescence. Subpopulations of chloroquine- and/or histamine-sensitive DRG cells were immunopositive for SP and/or GRP, with >80% immunopositive for VGLUT2. These results indicate that SP, GRP, and glutamate each partially contribute to histamine-independent itch. Histamine-evoked itch is mediated primarily by glutamate, with GRP playing a lesser role. Co-application of NK-1, GRP, and AMPA receptor antagonists may prove beneficial in treating chronic itch.
Pain.Pain.2014 Jan;155(1):80-92. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.09.011. Epub 2013 Sep 13.
We investigated roles for substance P (SP), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and glutamate in the spinal neurotransmission of histamine-dependent and -independent itch. In anesthetized mice, responses of single superficial dorsal horn neurons to intradermal (i.d.) injection of chloroquine were parti
PMID 24041961

Gross anatomical observations of attachments of the middle pharyngeal constrictor.

Sakamoto Y.Author information Basic Sciences of Oral Health Care, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.AbstractThe pharyngeal muscles overlap each other and some of their parts have different areas of origin. Such arrangements make the interrelationships among pharyngeal muscles complicated. This study investigated the attachments of the middle constrictor to clarify its configuration and re-examine its functions. The gross anatomies of the pharyngeal and neighboring muscles were examined in 41 cadavers. The middle constrictor arose from the stylohyoid ligament and the hyoid bone, and its fibers were divided into three overlapping groups. The anterosuperior group ascended posterosuperiorly from the ligament and the lesser horn and fanned out. The middle group ascended posterosuperiorly from the greater horn and fanned out. The posteroinferior group fanned out from the posterior part of the greater horn, while the middle constrictor arose internally to the hyoglossus; some fibers often passed externally, and their fibers sometimes intersected around the lingual artery, which ran between them. Some fibers attached to the hyoglossus, occasionally to the stylohyoid and the posterior belly of the digastric, but seldom to the lingual artery and the triticeal cartilage in the thyrohyoid ligament. The three groups were inserted into the pharyngeal raphe, and the descending fibers joined the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles. The ascending and descending fibers rarely reached the top of the pharynx and the thyroid cartilage, respectively. The fiber arrangement suggested that, besides constriction of the pharynx, the ascending and descending fibers of the middle constrictor can act as an elevator muscle, and the irregular attachments could affect the functions of the muscles and vessels. Clin. Anat., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.).Clin Anat.2013 Dec 17. doi: 10.1002/ca.22344. [Epub ahead of print]
The pharyngeal muscles overlap each other and some of their parts have different areas of origin. Such arrangements make the interrelationships among pharyngeal muscles complicated. This study investigated the attachments of the middle constrictor to clarify its configuration and re-examine its func
PMID 24343865

Spinal actions of ω-conotoxins, CVID, MVIIA and related peptides in a rat neuropathic pain model.

Jayamanne A1, Jeong HJ, Schroeder CI, Lewis RJ, Christie MJ, Vaughan CW.Author information 1Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.AbstractBACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Antagonists of the N-type voltage gated calcium channel (VGCC), Cav 2.2, have a potentially important role in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. ω-conotoxins, such MVIIA and CVID are effective in neuropathic pain models. CVID is reported to have a greater therapeutic index than MVIIA in neuropathic pain models, and it has been suggested that this is due to faster reversibility of binding, but it is not known whether this can be improved further.
British journal of pharmacology.Br J Pharmacol.2013 Sep;170(2):245-54. doi: 10.1111/bph.12251.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Antagonists of the N-type voltage gated calcium channel (VGCC), Cav 2.2, have a potentially important role in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. ω-conotoxins, such MVIIA and CVID are effective in neuropathic pain models. CVID is reported to have a greater therapeutic
PMID 23713957

Japanese Journal

鰓弓軟骨発生模型の製作

形態・機能 11(1), 10-16, 2012
NAID 130005091199

Delayed Neurotoxicity of Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) : Autoradiographic Localization of High-affinity [^3H] DFP Binding Sites in the Chicken Spinal Cord

Environmental health and preventive medicine 4(2), 92-96, 1999-07
NAID 110002694682

嚥下困難をきたした過長茎状突起の1例

日本口腔外科学会雑誌 43(10), 766-768, 1997-10-20
NAID 10011661918

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「小角」
関連記事	「horn」「less」

「小角」

Hyoid bone
	Hyoid bone — anterior surface, enlarged
	Anterolateral view of head and neck
Details
Precursor	2nd and 3rd branchial arch
Identifiers
Latin	os hyoideum
MeSH	A02.835.232.409
TA	A02.1.16.001
FMA	52749
	Anatomical terms of bone [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: small angle, baby square, corniculum, cornu minus, lesser cornu, lesser horn

「horn」

　　[★]

n.

角、触角

関: angle、angular、corner

「less」

　　[★]

adv

少ない

[1] hednk-023—Embryo Images at University of North Carolina

[2] Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition, 1989.

[3] Entry "hyoid" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.

[4] Dorland illustrated medical dictionary

[5] American heritage dictionary for english language

[6] Shaw, S. M.; Martino, R. (2013). "The normal swallow: muscular and neurophysiological control". Otolaryngol Clin North Am 46 (6): 937–956. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2013.09.006.

[7] ttp://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/100/12/6930 Descent of the larynx in chimpanzee infants

[8] Boë, L.J. et al. The potential of Neandertal vowel space was as large as that of modern humans. Journal of Phonetics 30 (2002) 465–484.

[9] Arsenburg, B. et al., A reappraisal of the anatomical basis for speech in middle Paleolithic hominids, in: American Journal of Physiological Anthropology 83 (1990), pp. 137–146.

[10] Fitch, Tecumseh W., The evolution of speech: a comparative review, in: Trends in Cognitive Science, Vol. 4, No. 7, July 2000 (http://www3.isrl.uiuc.edu/~junwang4/langev/localcopy/pdf/fitch00speech.pdf)

[11] Granat et al., Hyoid bone and larynx in Homo. Estimated position by biometrics, Biom. Hum. et Anthropolol., 2006, 24, 3-4, 243–255.

[12] Boë, L.J. et al., Variation and prediction of the hyoid bone position for modern Man and Neanderthal, Biom. Hum. et Anthropolol., 2006, 24, 3-4, 257–271

[13] Amatoury, J; Kairaitis, K; Wheatley, JR; Bilston, LE; Amis, TC (1 April 2014). "Peripharyngeal tissue deformation and stress distributions in response to caudal tracheal displacement: pivotal influence of the hyoid bone?". Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 116 (7): 746–56. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01245.2013. PMID 24557799.

[14] Amatoury, J; Kairaitis, K; Wheatley, JR; Bilston, LE; Amis, TC (1 February 2015). "Peripharyngeal tissue deformation, stress distributions, and hyoid bone movement in response to mandibular advancement.". Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 118 (3): 282–91. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00668.2014. PMID 25505028.

[15] Sforza, E; Bacon, W; Weiss, T; Thibault, A; Petiau, C; Krieger, J (February 2000). "Upper airway collapsibility and cephalometric variables in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 161 (2 Pt 1): 347–52. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.9810091. PMID 10673170.

[16] Genta, PR; Schorr, F; Eckert, DJ; Gebrim, E; Kayamori, F; Moriya, HT; Malhotra, A; Lorenzi-Filho, G (1 October 2014). "Upper airway collapsibility is associated with obesity and hyoid position.". Sleep 37 (10): 1673–8. doi:10.5665/sleep.4078. PMID 25197805.

[VB-17] Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 214. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.

匿名

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案内

案内

lesser horn