WordNet

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (同)cell_nucleus, karyon
(astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail
any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
the positively charged dense center of an atom

PrepTutorEJDIC

中心,核 / (生物の)細胞核 / 原子核

UpToDate Contents

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1. 換気調節 control of ventilation
2. 成人における第三脳神経（動眼神経）麻痺 third cranial nerve oculomotor nerve palsy in adults
3. 小児における第3脳神経（動眼神経）麻痺 third cranial nerve oculomotor nerve palsy in children
4. パーキンソン病の外科治療 surgical treatment of parkinson disease
5. 同名半盲 homonymous hemianopia

English Journal

Profiles of serotonin receptors in the developing human thalamus.

Wai MS, Lorke DE, Kwong WH, Zhang L, Yew DT.Author information School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.AbstractThe critical importance of the thalamus and its serotonergic innervation with respect to neuropsychiatric syndromes is increasingly recognized. This study investigates the localization of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptors by immunohistochemistry in the thalamic nuclei of human fetuses aged 21 to 32 weeks of gestation. Results indicate that, already at 21 weeks of gestation, two 5-HT receptors are present in the dorsomedial nucleus of the developing thalamus: 5-HT2A receptors are localized in neurons and 5-HT2C receptors in fibers. By 31 and 32 weeks of gestation, 5-HT1A and 5-HT4 receptors are also detected in neuronal fibers of the same nucleus. At this later developmental stage, the percentage of 5-HT2A labeled neurons has significantly increased in the dorsomedial nucleus, and 5-HT2C positive neurons are observed in the centromedian and lateroventral thalamic nuclei as well. In contrast, neither neuronal cells nor fibers display any immunoreactivity for 5-HT3 or 5-HT6 receptors at any of the ages examined. Our observation that 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C and 5-HT4 receptors are present in the human thalamus prenatally indicates that 5-HT may play a role during fetal development. Disrupted development of the thalamic serotonergic system during this gestational period may contribute to the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Psychiatry research.Psychiatry Res.2011 Jan 30;185(1-2):238-42. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.05.003. Epub 2010 Jun 9.
The critical importance of the thalamus and its serotonergic innervation with respect to neuropsychiatric syndromes is increasingly recognized. This study investigates the localization of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptors by immunohistochemistry in the thalamic nuclei of human fetuses
PMID 20538346

Afferent sources to the inferior olive and distribution of the olivocerebellar climbing fibers in cyprinids.

Xue HG, Yang CY, Yamamoto N.Author information Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan. xuehg@nms.ac.jpAbstractThe inferior olive in teleosts is a major afferent origin to the cerebellum. However, inputs to the inferior olive remain largely unknown. The present study examined fiber connections of the inferior olive by tract-tracing methods in cyprinids. After tracer injections into the inferior olive, labeled somata were observed bilaterally in the pretectum, nucleus ruber, principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, descending trigeminal nucleus, inferior reticular formation, and cerebellar valvula. Principal sensory trigeminal and valvular afferents exhibited a clear contralateral preponderance, while afferents from the nucleus ruber were predominantly ipsilateral. Labeled somata were also seen ipsilaterally in the descending octaval nucleus, and contralaterally in the optic tectum, lateral funicular nucleus, cerebellar corpus, and inferior olive. A few somata were labeled in the inferior raphe. Climbing fibers terminated contralaterally in the ganglionic and molecular layers of the cerebellum, showing peculiar glomerular appearances. Labeled climbing fiber terminals were mainly distributed in the ventral region of cerebellar corpus, the medioventral region of lateral lobe of rostral cerebellar valvula, and the lateroventral region of medial lobe of cerebellar valvula in the present injection materials. Fiber connections of the inferior olive in teleosts thus appear quite similar to those in mammals.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2008 Mar 20;507(3):1409-27. doi: 10.1002/cne.21622.
The inferior olive in teleosts is a major afferent origin to the cerebellum. However, inputs to the inferior olive remain largely unknown. The present study examined fiber connections of the inferior olive by tract-tracing methods in cyprinids. After tracer injections into the inferior olive, labele
PMID 18196536

Fine structure of the visual dorsolateral anterior thalamic nucleus of the pigeon (Columba livia): a hodological and GABA-immunocytochemical study.

Miceli D, Repérant J, Ward R, Rio JP, Jay B, Médina M, Kenigfest NB.Author information Laboratoire de Neuropsychologie Expérimentale, Université du Québec, Trois-Rivières, Canada. Dom.Miceli@uqtr.caAbstractThe ultrastructure of the lateroventral subcomponent of the visual dorsolateral anterior thalamic nucleus of the pigeon (DLLv) was analyzed using hodological techniques and GABA-immunocytochemistry. Two types of GABA-immunonegative hyperpalliopetal neurons and a single type of strongly GABA-immunoreactive (-ir) interneuron were identified, the latter displaying long dendrites with some containing synaptic vesicles (DCSV). Ten types of axon terminal were identified and divided into two categories. The first, GABA-immunonegative and making asymmetrical synaptic contact, contain round (RT1, RT2, RT3) or pleiomorphic synaptic and many dense-core vesicles (DCT). RT1 terminals are retinothalamic and RT2 terminals hyperpalliothalamic; both mainly contact dendrites of projection neurons (72% and 78% respectively), less frequently dendrites of interneurons and sometimes DCSV; RT1 terminals are rarely involved in synaptic triads. The second category are consistently GABA-immunopositive. Four types (PT1-4), distinguished by their pleiomorphic synaptic vesicles, make symmetrical synaptic contact essentially with dendrites of projection neurons, more rarely on dendrites of interneurons (PT2). PT1 terminals are very probably those of interneurons, whereas the rare PT4 terminals are of retinal origin. A fifth type (RgT) contains round synaptic vesicles and makes asymmetrical synaptic contact with dendrites of projection neurons and interneurons. PT2 and RgT terminals occasionally contact DCSV of interneurons, which are sometimes involved in synaptic triads. Two final subcategories (DCgT1-2) contain many dense-core vesicles. Our findings are compared with those of previous studies concerning the fine structure and neurochemical properties of the GLd of reptiles and mammals, with special reference to the origin of the extraretinal and extracortical projections to this structure.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2008 Mar 20;507(3):1351-78. doi: 10.1002/cne.21635.
The ultrastructure of the lateroventral subcomponent of the visual dorsolateral anterior thalamic nucleus of the pigeon (DLLv) was analyzed using hodological techniques and GABA-immunocytochemistry. Two types of GABA-immunonegative hyperpalliopetal neurons and a single type of strongly GABA-immunore
PMID 18189307

Japanese Journal

聴性脳幹反応と下丘

船井洋光
日本耳鼻咽喉科学会会報 87(7), 785-799, 1984
… The EP of the central nucleus of the IC consists of one or two positive waves followed by a large negative wave. … The wave form of the ABR seems to be a composite of a positive slow wave and several sequential fast wave-lets, and characteristics and origins of these two potentials are different to each other.The central nucleus of the IC is more important for generation of the positive slow component. …
NAID 130000809034

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