labdanum

WordNet

a dark brown to greenish oleoresin that has a fragrant odor and is used as a fixative in perfumes; obtained as a juice from certain rockroses (同)gum labdanum
a soft blackish-brown resinous exudate from various rockroses used in perfumes especially as a fixative (同)ladanum

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/07 22:43:32」(JST)

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Not to be confused with laudanum.

Labdanum is a sticky brown resin obtained from the shrubs Cistus ladanifer (western Mediterranean) and Cistus creticus (eastern Mediterranean), species of rockrose. It has a long history of use in herbal medicine and as a perfume ingredient.

History

In ancient times, labdanum was collected by combing the beards and thighs of goats and sheep that had grazed on the cistus shrubs.^[1] Wooden instruments used were referred to in 19th-century Crete as ergastiri;^[2] a lambadistrion ("labdanum-gatherer") was a kind of rake to which a double row of leathern thongs were fixed instead of teeth.^[3] These were used to sweep the shrubs and collect the resin which was later extracted. It was collected by the shepherds and sold to coastal traders. Many of the false beards worn by the pharaohs of ancient Egypt were made of goats' hair ^[4] which was held together by labdanum.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] The resin was also used to treat colds, coughs, menstrual problems and rheumatism.

Some scholars, such as Bochartus,^[9]^[10]^[11] H.J. Abrahams,^[12] and Rabbi Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon (Saadya), 882-942,^[13]^[14] state that the mysterious onycha, an ingredient in the holy incense (ketoret) mentioned in the Old Testament, (Exodus 30: 34-36), was actually labdanum.

Modern uses

Labdanum is produced today mainly for the perfume industry. The raw resin is usually extracted by boiling the leaves and twigs. An absolute is also obtained by solvent extraction. An essential oil is produced by steam distillation. The raw gum is a black (sometimes dark brown), fragrant mass containing up to 20% or more of water. It is plastic but not pourable, and becomes brittle with age. The absolute is dark amber-green and very thick at room temperature. The fragrance is more refined than the raw resin. The odour is very rich, complex and tenacious. Labdanum is much valued in perfumery because of its resemblance to ambergris, which has been banned from use in many countries because its precursor originates from the sperm whale, which is an endangered species: although the best-quality ambergris is found free-floating or washed up onshore (long exposure to sunlight, air and water removes offensive-smelling components of the fresh substance), and thus raises no ethical objections, a lower-quality version can also be recovered from some fraction of freshly slaughtered whales, and so may encourage poaching of sperm whales. Labdanum is the main ingredient used when making the scent of amber in perfumery. Labdanum's odour is variously described as amber, animalic, sweet, woody, ambergris, dry musk, or leathery.

English Journal

Propolis volatiles characterisation from acaricide-treated and -untreated beehives maintained at Algarve (Portugal).

Miguel MG, Nunes S, Cruz C, Duarte J, Antunes MD, Cavaco AM, Mendes MD, Lima AS, Pedro LG, Barroso JG, Figueiredo AC.SourceFaculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia, Centro Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidade do Algarve, Edifício 8, Campus de Gambelas , 8005-139 Faro, Portugal. mgmiguel@ualg.pt
Natural product research.Nat Prod Res.2013 Apr;27(8):743-9. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2012.696261. Epub 2012 Jun 25.
The variability of the volatile profile of 70 propolis samples from acaricide-treated and -untreated beehives maintained at Algarve (Portugal) was evaluated. Propolis samples were collected in three regions of Algarve at three different periods. Cluster analysis based on the propolis volatiles' chem
PMID 22724515

High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to electrospray time-of-flight and ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry to identify phenolic compounds from a Cistus ladanifer aqueous extract.

Fernández-Arroyo S, Barrajón-Catalán E, Micol V, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A.SourceMolecular and Cellular Biology Institut (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain.
Phytochemical analysis : PCA.Phytochem Anal.2010 Jul-Aug;21(4):307-13. doi: 10.1002/pca.1200.
INTRODUCTION: Cistus ladanifer is an aromatic shrub that is widespread in the Mediterranean region. The labdanum exudate is used in the fragrance industry and has been characterised. However, there is not enough information about the phenolic content of the raw plant, the aerial part of it being a v
PMID 20039337

Adaptive radiation in mediterranean cistus (cistaceae).

Guzmán B, Lledó MD, Vargas P.SourceReal Jardín Botánico - CSIC, Madrid, Spain. bguzman@rjb.csic.es
PloS one.PLoS One.2009 Jul 23;4(7):e6362. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006362.
BACKGROUND: Adaptive radiation in Mediterranean plants is poorly understood. The white-flowered Cistus lineage consists of 12 species primarily distributed in Mediterranean habitats and is herein subject to analysis.METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted a "total evidence" analysis combining n
PMID 19668338

Headspace solid phase microextraction for screening for the presence of resins in Egyptian archaeological samples.

Hamm S, Bleton J, Tchapla A.SourceGroupe de Chimie Analytique de Paris Sud (LETIAM) EA 3343, Institut Universitaire de Technologie d'Orsay, Plateau de Moulon, 91400 Orsay, France.
Journal of separation science.J Sep Sci.2004 Feb;27(3):235-43.
The aim of this study was to use headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) to reveal the presence of resin in archaeological samples, such as mummification balms, from ancient Egypt. Experiments were first performed with fresh resins of known origin. The SPME fibre readily extracted mono- and ses
PMID 15334910

Japanese Journal

Gurjun Balsam,Illurin Balsan,Labdanum (動物と樹脂類のにおい<特集>)

吉倉正博
香料 (141), p25-27, 1983-12
NAID 40001267735

Related Pictures

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[1] William Rhind, 1857. A History of the Vegetable Kingdom: embracing the physiology of plants, pp 130, 157, 554.

[2] Rhind 1857:554.

[3] Rhind 1857:Robert Bentley, Henry Trimen, Medicinal Plants: Being descriptions with original figures, Volume 1.

[4] Newberry, PE, The Shepherd's Crook and the So-Called" Flail" or" Scourge" of Osiris, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 1929, pg.10

[5] Newberry, PE, The Shepherd's Crook and the So-Called" Flail" or" Scourge" of Osiris, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 1929, pg.9

[6] ttp://www.bojensen.net/EssentialOilsEng/EssentialOils15/EssentialOils15.htm

[7] Reutter L. Analyses des parfums égyptiens. Annales, Le Caire 1914

[8] Lucas A. Cosmetics, perfumes and incense in ancient Egypt. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries. London; 1926

[9] A Synopsis of Criticisms Upon Those Passages of the Old Testament in Which Modern Commentators Have Differed From the Authorized Version: Together With ... in the Hebrew English Texts V.2 Pt.2 by Richard Arthur Francis Barrett

[10] Rimmel, Eugene, The book of perfumes (MDCCCLXV)

[11] A dictionary of the natural history of the Bible: By Thaddeus Mason Harris

[12] Abrahams, H.J. - Onycha, Ingredient of the Ancient Jewish Incense: An attempt at identification, Econ. Bot. 33(2): 233-6 1979

[13] Abrahams, H.J.

[14] Sanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/saadya/

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