関: kD、kilodalton

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/28 03:10:48」(JST)

wiki ja

統一原子質量単位（とういつげんししつりょうたんい、記号 u）またはダルトン、ドルトン（dalton、記号 Da）は、微小な質量を表す単位である。かつては原子質量単位（記号 amu）とも言ったが、この名と記号は現在は非公式である。ダルトンと Da はかつて非公式だったが、2006年に国際度量衡局 (BIPM) により承認された。

統一原子質量単位とダルトンの定義は全く同じで、静止して基底状態にある自由な炭素12 (¹²C) 原子の質量の1/12と定義されている。国際単位系 (SI) では共に、SI単位ではないがSIと併用できるSI併用単位のうち、「SI単位で表されるその数値が実験的に決定され、したがって不確かさが伴う単位」に位置付けられている^[1]。

名称と記号

名称	英語	記号	SI併用
統一原子質量単位	unified atomic mass unit	u	○
ダルトン	dalton	Da	○
原子質量単位	atomic mass unit	amu	×

統一原子質量単位と原子質量単位は、厳密には別の単位である。原子質量単位にはかつて複数の定義があり、それらを統一したのが統一原子質量単位である。このような経緯があるため、原子質量単位の使用は推奨されていない。

統一原子質量単位の記号 u は「統一 (unified)」に由来し、amu の3文字目のように「単位 (unit)」に由来しているわけではない。したがって、原子質量単位の記号を u とするのは誤りである。

ダルトンの名は、近代原子論を提唱したジョン・ドルトンに由来する。日本では単位名は「ダルトン」とすることが多いが、英語での発音は「ドルトン」もしくは「ドールトン」である。

なお、統一質量単位 (unified mass unit) は電子ボルトに対応する質量（eV / c² ≒ 1.783×10⁻³⁶ kg) であり、統一原子質量単位とは全く異なる。

値

1 u のCODATA推奨値は

1 u = 1.660 540 2(10)×10⁻²⁷ kg (CODATA1986)

1 u = 1.660 538 73(13)×10⁻²⁷ kg (CODATA1998)

1 u = 1.660 538 86(29)×10⁻²⁷ kg (CODATA2002)

1 u = 1.660 538 782(83)×10⁻²⁷ kg (CODATA2006)

1 u = 1.660 538 921(73)×10⁻²⁷ kg (CODATA2010)

1 u = 1.660 539 040(20)×10⁻²⁷ kg (CODATA2014)

である。括弧内は拡張不確かさ。

定義より、厳密に

m(¹²C) = 12 u = 12 Da

である。

炭素12の質量数（陽子数と中性子数の合計）は12なので、核子（陽子と中性子）の質量はほぼ 1 u である。ただし実際はわずかに重く、

m_p = 1.0073 u

m_n = 1.0086 u

である。これは、自由な核子が高い核エネルギーを質量の形で持っているからである。しかしこの程度の差異を誤差として許容するなら、質量数 A の原子の質量はおよそ A u であるといえる。

統一原子質量単位（あるいはダルトン）の定義は、「12 g の炭素12の物質量」とされるモルの定義の裏返しになっており、

1 g = N_A u·mol ≒ 6.022 140 857(74)×10²³ u (2014CODATA)

である。つまり、ある分子等の質量を統一原子質量単位で表した数値は、その分子からなる純物質 1 mol（アボガドロ定数個の分子）の質量をグラムで表した数値に等しい。

物理量

統一原子質量単位やダルトンは「原子量を表す単位」と誤解されることがある。しかし、u や Da が表すのが質量であるのに対し、原子量は質量ではなく、原子の質量と 1 u との比であり、無次元量である。したがって、原子量を u や Da で表すことはできない。

例えば「炭素12の原子量は12」「炭素12の質量は 12 u」「炭素12の質量は 12 Da」は正しいが、「炭素12の原子量は 12 u」「炭素12の原子量は 12 Da」は間違いである。

派生単位

ダルトンにはSI接頭辞を付けることができる。通常使われるのはミリダルトン (mDa)、キロダルトン (kDa)、ギガダルトン (GDa) である。

統一原子質量単位にSI接頭辞を付けることは、禁止されている訳ではないが、実際にはほとんどない。

ミリマスユニット (milli mass unit, mmu) という非公式の単位もあり、1 mmu = 1/1000 u = 1 mDa とされるが、SI接頭辞のシステムと整合性がなく、使用は推奨されない。

歴史

20世紀初頭、酸素 O 原子の質量の 1/16 が（「統一」のない）原子質量単位と定義されていた。しかし1929年、酸素の同位体 ¹⁷O と ¹⁸O が発見されると、「酸素」と呼ばれているものは各種同位体の混合であり、「酸素原子の質量」とは、各同位体原子の質量の、同位体比に応じた平均であることが明らかになった。そしてまもなく、その同位体比も一定ではないことが明らかになり、原子質量単位の定義は不確実になった。

物理学の世界ではこれに対し、酸素16 ¹⁶O の質量の 1/16 と定義された新しい原子質量単位 (physical amu) を使うようになった（これにより、従来の値は変更しなくてはならないという問題も出てきた）。一方、化学の世界では従来の定義の原子質量単位 (chemical amu) を使った。こうして2つの定義が混在することとなった。これらを現在の統一原子質量単位で表すと

1 physical amu ≒ 0.999 6882 u

1 chemical amu ≒ 0.999 96 u（同位体比のばらつきにより高い精度では定まらない）

となり、約 1/3600 の差がある。

この混乱を解消するため、国際純粋・応用物理学連合 (IUPAP) と国際純正・応用化学連合 (IUPAC) が協議し、1960年、炭素12 ¹²C 原子の質量の 1/12 である統一原子質量単位が定められた。この定義は、核種を特定することで同位体比の問題をなくしつつ、化学系 amu に最も近く従来の数値を変更する必要がないように選ばれた。このとき、単位記号も新しく、統一 (unified) から u と定められた。

（「統一」のない）原子質量単位が「炭素12の質量の1/12」と公式に定義されたことはないが、現在ではほぼ常に、統一原子質量単位と同じ「炭素12の質量の1/12」の意味で使われる。

ダルトンは古くから使われていた単位で、長らく公式の定義がなかったものの、1960年までは物理学的amuと同じ「酸素16の質量の1/16」、1960年以降は統一原子質量単位と同じ「炭素12の質量の1/12」の意味で使うことが多かった。2006年、国際度量衡局はダルトンを、統一原子質量単位と全く同じ定義の単位としてSI併用単位に採用した。

使用

原子、イオン、分子（DNAやタンパク質などの巨大な高分子を含む）の質量を表すのに使われる。大きなものではリボゾームのような複数個の超高分子の複合体にも使われる。

ただし、生化学で生体高分子や複合体の質量を表すときには、主にダルトンが使われる。ダルトンがSI併用単位になる前の書籍等では「ダルトンが使われるが正式には統一質量単位を使うべきである」などとされていた。

出典

[ヘルプ]

^ 国際度量衡局編『国際単位系(SI) 国際文書第8版(2006年)』（日本語訳）

参考文献

吉野健一「用語を通して学ぶ質量分析基礎の基礎 : 第3回「イオンや分子の質量の単位, u, Da, amu, mmu」」、『質量分析』第56巻第6号、日本質量分析学会、2008年12月1日、 269-274頁、 NAID 10024483810。

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Unified atomic mass unit (Dalton)
Unit system	Physical constant (Accepted for use with the SI)
Unit of	mass
Symbol	u or Da
Named after	John Dalton
Unit conversions
1 u or Da in ...	... is equal to ...
kg	6973166053904000000♠1.660539040(20)×10⁻²⁷
MeV/c²	7002931494095000000♠931.494095(11)
m_e	7003182288839000000♠1822.88839

The unified atomic mass unit (symbol: u) or dalton (symbol: Da) is the standard unit that is used for indicating mass on an atomic or molecular scale (atomic mass). One unified atomic mass unit is approximately the mass of one nucleon (either a single proton or neutron) and is numerically equivalent to 1 g/mol.^[1] It is defined as one twelfth of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state,^[2] and has a value of 6973166053904000000♠1.660539040(20)×10⁻²⁷ kg.^[3] The CIPM has categorised it as a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI, and whose value in SI units must be obtained experimentally.^[2]

The amu without the "unified" prefix is technically an obsolete unit based on oxygen, which was replaced in 1961. However, some sources may still use the term "amu" but now define it in the same way as u (i.e., based on carbon-12).^{[citation needed]} In this sense, most uses of the terms "atomic mass units" and "amu" today actually refer to unified atomic mass unit. For standardization a specific atomic nucleus (carbon-12 vs. oxygen-16) had to be chosen because the average mass of a nucleon depends on the count of the nucleons in the atomic nucleus due to mass defect. This is also why the mass of a proton (or neutron) by itself is more than (and not equal to) 1 u.

Atomic mass unit does not stand for the unit of mass in the atomic units system, which is rather m_e.

History

The relative atomic mass (atomic weight) scale has traditionally been a relative scale, that is without an explicit unit, with the first relative atomic mass basis suggested by John Dalton in 1803 as ¹H.^[4] Despite the initial mass of ¹H being used as the natural unit for relative atomic mass, it was suggested by Wilhelm Ostwald that relative atomic mass would be best expressed in terms of units of 1/16 mass of oxygen. This evaluation was made prior to the discovery of the existence of elemental isotopes, which occurred in 1912.^[4]

The discovery of isotopic oxygen in 1929 led to a divergence in relative atomic mass representation, with isotopically weighted oxygen (i.e., naturally occurring oxygen relative atomic mass) given a value of exactly 16 atomic mass units (amu) in chemistry, while pure ¹⁶O (oxygen-16) was given the mass value of exactly 16 amu in physics.

The divergence of these values could result in errors in computations, and was unwieldy. The chemistry amu, based on the relative atomic mass (atomic weight) of natural oxygen (including the heavy naturally-occurring isotopes ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O), was about 7000100028199999999♠1.000282 as massive as the physics amu, based on pure isotopic ¹⁶O.

For these and other reasons, the reference standard for both physics and chemistry was changed to carbon-12 in 1961.^[5] The choice of carbon-12 was made to minimise further divergence with prior literature.^[4] The new and current unit was referred to as the "unified atomic mass unit" u.^[6] and given a new symbol, "u," which replaced the now deprecated "amu" that had been connected to the old oxygen-based system. The Dalton (Da) is another name for the unified atomic mass unit.^[7]

Despite this change, modern sources often still use the old term "amu" but define it as u (1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom), as mentioned in the article's introduction. Therefore, in general, "amu" likely does not refer to the old oxygen standard unit, unless the source material originates from or before the 1960s.

The unified atomic mass unit u was defined as:

Terminology

The unified atomic mass unit and the dalton are different names for the same unit of measure. As with other unit names such as watt and newton, "dalton" is not capitalized in English, but its symbol Da is capitalized. With the introduction of the name "dalton", there has been a gradual change towards using that name in preference to the name "unified atomic mass unit":

In 1993, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry approved the use of the dalton with the qualification that the CGPM had not given its approval.^[8]
In 2003 the Consultative Committee for Units, part of the CIPM, recommended a preference for the usage of the "dalton" over the "unified atomic mass unit" as it "is shorter and works better with prefixes".^[9]
In 2005, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics endorsed the use of the dalton as an alternative to the unified atomic mass unit.^[10]
In 2006, in the 8th edition of the formal definition of SI, the CIPM cataloged the dalton alongside the unified atomic mass unit as a "Non-SI unit whose values in SI units must be obtained experimentally: Units accepted for use with the SI".^[2] The definition also noted that "The dalton is often combined with SI prefixes ..."
In 2009, when the International Organization for Standardization published updated versions of ISO 80000, it gave mixed messages as to whether or not the unified atomic mass unit had been deprecated: ISO 80000-1:2009 (General), identified the dalton as having "earlier [been] called the unified atomic mass unit u",^[11] but ISO 80000-10:2009 (atomic and nuclear physics) catalogued both as being alternatives for each other.^[12]
The 2010 version of the Oxford University Press style guide for authors in life sciences gave the following guidance: "Use the Système international d'unités (SI) wherever possible ... The dalton (Da) or more conveniently the kDa is a permitted non-SI unit for molecular mass or mass of a particular band in a separating gel."^[13] At the same time, the author guidelines for the journal "Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry" stated "The dalton (Da) is a unit of mass normally used for the molecular weight ... use of the Da in place of the u has become commonplace in the mass spectrometry literature ... The "atomic mass unit", abbreviated "amu", is an archaic unit".^[14]
In 2012, in response to the proposed redefinition of the kilogram, it was proposed that the dalton be redefined as being 0.001/N_A kg, thereby breaking the link with ¹²C. This would result in the dalton and the atomic mass unit having slightly different definitions, but the suggestion is that the older unit should be superseded by the "new" dalton.^[15]

Relationship to SI

The definition of the mole, an SI base unit, was accepted by the CGPM in 1971 as:

The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12; its symbol is "mol".
When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.

The definition of the mole also determines the value of the universal constant that relates the number of entities to amount of substance for any sample. This constant is called the Avogadro constant, symbol N_A or L, and has the value 7023602214085700000♠6.022140857(74)×10²³ mol⁻¹ (entities per mole).^[16]

Given that the unified atomic mass unit is one twelfth the mass of one atom of carbon-12, meaning the mass of such an atom is 12 u, it follows that there are N_A atoms of carbon-12 in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. This can be expressed mathematically as

N_A (12 u) = 0.012 kg/mol, or

N_A u = 0.001 kg/mol

Masses of proteins are often expressed in daltons. For example, a protein with a molecular weight of 7004640000000000000♠64000 g·mol⁻¹ has a mass of 64 kDa.^[1]

Examples

A hydrogen-1 atom has a mass of 7000100782500000000♠1.0078250 u (7000100782500000000♠1.0078250 Da).
By definition, a carbon-12 atom has a mass of 7001120000000000000♠12 u (7001120000000000000♠12 Da).
A molecule of acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) has a mass of 7002180160000000000♠180.16 u (7002180160000000000♠180.16 Da).
Titin, the largest known protein, has an atomic mass of 3-3.7 megadaltons (7006300000000000000♠3000000 Da).^[17]

Notes and references

^ ^a ^b Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg; John L. Tymoczko; Lubert (2007). "2". Biochemistry (6. ed., 3. print. ed.). New York: Freeman. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7167-8724-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c International Bureau of Weights and Measures (2006), The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (8th ed.), p. 126, ISBN 92-822-2213-6
^ Unified Atomic mass unit. Fundamental Physical Constants from NIST
^ ^a ^b ^c Petley, B. W., "The atomic mass unit", IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 38 (2): 175–79, doi:10.1109/19.192268
^ Holden, Norman E. (2004), "Atomic Weights and the International Committee—A Historical Review", Chem. Int. 26 (1): 4–7
^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "unified atomic mass unit".
^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "dalton".
^ Mills, Ian; Cvitaš, Tomislav; Homann, Klaus; Kallay, Nikola; Kuchitsu, Kozo (1993n). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; Physical Chemistry Division (PDF) (2nd ed.). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and published for them by Blackwell Science Ltd. ISBN 0-632-03583-8.
^ "Consultative Committee for Units (CCU); Report of the 15th meeting (17–18 April 2003) to the International Committee for Weights and Measures" (PDF). Retrieved 14 Aug 2010.
^ "IU14. IUPAC Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (ICTNS)". Retrieved 2010-08-14.
^ International Standard ISO 80000-1:2009 – Quantities and Units – Part 1: General, International Organization for Standardization, 2009
^ International Standard ISO 80000-10:2009 – Quantities and units – Part 10: Atomic and nuclear physics, International Organization for Standardization, 2009
^ "Instructions to Authors". AoB Plants. Oxford journals; Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
^ "Author guidelines". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry (Wiley-Blackwell). 2010. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
^ Leonard, B P (2012). "Why the dalton should be redefined exactly in terms of the kilogram". Metrologia 49: 487–491. Bibcode:2012Metro..49..487L. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/49/4/487.
^ Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N.; Newell, David B. (2008). "CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2006". Rev. Mod. Phys. 80 (2): 633–730. arXiv:0801.0028. Bibcode:2008RvMP...80..633M. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.80.633. Direct link to value.
^ Opitz CA, Kulke M, Leake MC, Neagoe C, Hinssen H, Hajjar RJ, Linke WA (October 2003). "Damped elastic recoil of the titin spring in myofibrils of human myocardium". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (22): 12688–93. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10012688O. doi:10.1073/pnas.2133733100. PMC 240679. PMID 14563922.

External links

atomic mass unit at sizes.com

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Kumar Sandeep,Rakha Naresh K.,Goyal Liza,Goel Parveen,Kumar Rajender,Kumar Ashok,Kumar Sanjay
Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research 63(3), 129-137, 2015-08
… The 547 bp EMA-1 gene fragment encoding high hydrophilic antigenic region was expressed with glutathione-S-transferase tag in prokaryotic system and purified protein (43 kDa) was used for development of ELISA (EMA-1t/ELISA). … Results of this study suggested that the 43 kDa EMA-1 expressed protein could be a reliable immunodiagnostic antigen in ELISA for T. …
NAID 120005656350

Characterization of dipeptidyl peptidase–IV of Porphyromonas gingivalis

MATSUO1 KAZUKO,KISO AKIKO,SHIBATA YUKINAGA,HASEGAWA HIROMASA,YOSHIDA AKIHIRO,FUJIMURA SETSUO,松尾和子,木曽有紀子,柴田幸永,長谷川博雅,吉田明弘,藤村節夫
松本歯学 = Journal of the Matsumoto Dental University Society 41(1), 26-32, 2015-06-30
… Isoelectric point and molecular weight of DPP–IV were 6.1 and 66 kDa, respectively. …
NAID 120005657271

Molecular Characterization of UKp83/68, a Widespread Nuclear Proteins that Bind Poly(A) and Colocalize with a Nuclear Speckleʼs Component

Miyakura Satoru,Hara Masayuki
Journal of medical and dental sciences 62(2), 43-56, 2015-06
… We have cloned a gene from a rat liver cDNA library,representing alternatively spliced cDNAs encoding83-kDa and 68-kDa proteins, which we havedesignated as UKp83 and UKp68, respectively.Both proteins have a predicted nuclear localizationsignal and five CCCH motifs (zinc-binding motifs),and share a degree of sequence similarity withNab2, a yeast protein that contains nucleic acidbindingmotifs and tandem CCCH zinc fingers. …
NAID 110009917266

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「kilodalton」「キロダルトン」
拡張検索	「90-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase」「70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase」「90-kDaリボソームS6キナーゼ」「70-kDaリボソームS6キナーゼ」
関連記事	「k」「kD」

「kilodalton」

原子質量単位; atomic mass unit
記号	amu, a.m.u.
系	自然単位系
定義	非公式に統一原子質量単位と同じとされるが厳密には複数
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ダルトン、ドルトン; dalton
記号	Da
系	自然単位系（SI併用単位）
定義	統一原子質量単位と同じ
語源	ジョン・ドルトン
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統一原子質量単位; unified atomic mass unit; unité de masse atomique unifiée
記号	u
系	自然単位系（SI併用単位）
量	質量
SI	1.660 538 921(73)×10−27 kg (2010CODA)
定義	静止して基底状態にある自由な炭素12原子の質量の1/12
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