WordNet

(psychology) a state of mental or emotional strain or suspense; "he suffered from fatigue and emotional tension"; "stress is a vasoconstrictor" (同)tenseness, stress
the physical condition of being stretched or strained; "it places great tension on the leg muscles"; "he could feel the tenseness of her body" (同)tensity, tenseness, tautness
(physics) a stress that produces an elongation of an elastic physical body; "the direction of maximum tension moves asymptotically toward the direction of the shear"
a balance between and interplay of opposing elements or tendencies (especially in art or literature); "there is a tension created between narrative time and movie time"; "there is a tension between these approaches to understanding history"
the action of stretching something tight; "tension holds the belt in the pulleys"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『ぴんと張ること』,伸長;ぴんと張った状態,張り / 〈U〉(精神的・感情的)『緊張』 / 〈C〉《複数形で》(一般に)『緊張状態(関係)』 / 〈U〉張力,引っ張る力 / 〈U〉起電力;電圧(voltage)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/18 13:05:37」(JST)

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A patient in front of a tonometer

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure inside the eye. Tonometry is the method eye care professionals use to determine this. IOP is an important aspect in the evaluation of patients at risk from glaucoma.^[1] Most tonometers are calibrated to measure pressure in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).

Physiology

Intraocular pressure is mainly determined by the coupling of the production of aqueous humor and the drainage of aqueous humor mainly through the trabecular meshwork located in the anterior chamber angle.

An important quantitative relationship is provided below:

IOP = F / C + PV

Where F = aqueous fluid formation rate, C = outflow rate, PV = episcleral venous pressure. The above factors are those that drive IOP.

Measurement

Intraocular pressure is measured with a tonometer as part of a comprehensive eye examination.

Measured values of intraocular pressure are influenced by corneal thickness and rigidity.^[2]^[3] As a result, some forms of refractive surgery (such as photorefractive keratectomy) can cause traditional intraocular pressure measurements to appear normal when in fact the pressure may be abnormally high.

Classification

Current consensus among ophthalmologists and optometrists define normal intraocular pressure as that between 10 mmHg and 20 mmHg.^[4]^[5] The average value of intraocular pressure is 15.5 mmHg with fluctuations of about 2.75 mmHg.^[6]

Ocular hypertension (OHT) is defined by intraocular pressure being higher than normal, in the absence of optic nerve damage or visual field loss.^[7]^[8]

Hypotony, or ocular hypotony, is typically defined as intraocular pressure equal to or less than 5 mmHg.^[9]^[10] Such low intraocular pressure could indicate fluid leakage and deflation of the eyeball.

Influencing factors

Daily variation

Intraocular pressure varies throughout the night and day. The diurnal variation for normal eyes is between 3 and 6 mmHg and the variation may increase in glaucomatous eyes. During the night, intraocular pressure may not decrease^[11] despite the slower production of aqueous humour.^[12] In the general population, IOP ranges between 10 and 21 mm Hg with a mean of about 15 or 16 mm Hg (plus or minus 3.5 mm Hg during a 24-hour cycle).^{[citation needed]}

Fitness and exercise

There is some inconclusive research that indicates that exercise could possibly affect IOP (some positively and some negatively).^[13]^[14] However, some other forms of exercise may raise IOP.^[7]

Musical instruments

Playing some musical wind instruments has been linked to increases in intraocular pressure. One 2011 study focused on brass and woodwind instruments observed "temporary and sometimes dramatic elevations and fluctuations in IOP".^[15] Another study found that the magnitude of increase in intraocular pressure correlates with the intraoral resistance associated with the instrument, and linked intermittent elevation of intraocular pressure from playing high-resistance wind instruments to incidence of visual field loss.^[16] The range of intraoral pressure involved in various classes of ethnic wind instruments, such as Native American flutes, has been shown to be generally lower than Western classical wind instruments.^[17]

Other factors

Intraocular pressure also varies with a number of other factors such as heart rate, respiration, fluid intake, systemic medication and topical drugs. Alcohol & marijuana consumption leads to a transient decrease in intraocular pressure and caffeine may increase intraocular pressure.^[18]

Taken orally, glycerol (often mixed with fruit juice to reduce its sweet taste) can cause a rapid, temporary decrease in intraocular pressure. This can be a useful initial emergency treatment of severely elevated pressure.^[19]

Significance

Ocular hypertension is the most important risk factor for glaucoma.

Intraocular pressure has been measured as a secondary outcome in a systematic review comparing the effect of neuroprotective agents in slowing the progression of open angle glaucoma.^[20]

Differences in pressure between the two eyes is often clinically significant, and potentially associated with certain types of glaucoma, as well as iritis or retinal detachment.

Intraocular pressure may become elevated due to anatomical problems, inflammation of the eye, genetic factors, or as a side-effect from medication. Intraocular pressure usually increases with age and is genetically influenced.^[21]

References

^ Farandos, NM; Yetisen, AK; Monteiro, MJ; Lowe, CR; Yun, SH (2014). "Contact Lens Sensors in Ocular Diagnostics". Advanced Healthcare Materials. doi:10.1002/adhm.201400504.
^ Grieshaber MC, Schoetzau A, Zawinka C, Flammer J, Orgul S (June 2007). "Effect of Central Corneal Thickness on Dynamic Contour Tonometry and Goldmann Applanation Tonometry in Primary Open-angle Glaucoma". Arch Ophthalmol. 125 (6): 740–44. doi:10.1001/archopht.125.6.740. PMID 17562982.
^ Tanaka GH (April 1998). "Corneal pachymetry: a prerequisite for applanation tonometry?". Arch Ophthalmol. 116 (4): 544–5. PMID 9565063.
^ webMD - Tonometry
^ Glaucoma Overview from eMedicine
^ Janunts E. "Optical remote sensing of intraocular pressure by an implantable nanostructured array". Medizinische Fakultät der Universität des Saarlandes.
^ ^a ^b Viera GM, Oliveira HB, de Andrade DT, Bottaro M, Ritch R (September 2006). "Intraocular Pressure Variation During Weight Lifting". Arch Ophthalmol. 124 (9): 1251–54. doi:10.1001/archopht.124.9.1251. PMID 16966619.
^ American Optometric Association - Ocular Hypertension
^ eMedicine - Ocular Hypotony - Author: Sheila P Sanders, MD
^ Henderer JD, Budenz DL, Flynn HW Jr, Schiffman JC, Feuer WJ, Murray TG (February 1999). "Elevated Intraocular Pressure and Hypotony Following Silicone Oil Retinal Tamponade for Complex Retinal Detachment: Incidence and Risk Factors". Arch Ophthalmol. 117 (2): 189–95. doi:10.1001/archopht.117.2.189. PMID 10037563.
^ Liu JHK; Weinreb RN (2011). "Monitoring intraocular pressure for 24 h". Br J Ophthalmol 95 (5): 599–600. doi:10.1136/bjo.2010.199737.
^ Brubaker RF (1991). "Flow of aqueous humor in humans". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32 (13): 3145–3166.
^ Studies have also been conducted on both healthy and sedentary individuals to determine if intraocular pressure could be reduced with other types of exercise. Some forms of exertion have been found to result in a decrease in intraocular pressure. Exercises studied included; walking, jogging, and running. Acute Dynamic Exercise Reduces Intraocular Pressure, Departments of Ophthalmology, Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum- Turkey. July 1999.
^ Qureshi IA. Effects of mild, moderate and severe exercise on intraocular pressure of sedentary subjects. Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
^ Gunnar Schmidtmann; Susanne Jahnke; Egbert J. Seidel; Wolfgang Sickenberger; Hans-Jürgen Grein (2011). "Intraocular Pressure Fluctuations in Professional Brass and Woodwind Musicians During Common Playing Conditions". Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 249 (6): 895–901. doi:10.1007/s00417-010-1600-x.
^ J. S. Schuman; E. C. Massicotte; S. Connolly; E. Hertzmark; B. Mukherji; M. Z. Kunen (January 2000). "Increased Intraocular Pressure and Visual Field Defects in High Resistance Wind Instrument Players". Ophthalmology 107 (1): 127–133. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(99)00015-9.
^ Clinton F. Goss (August 2013). "Intraoral Pressure in Ethnic Wind Instruments" (PDF). arXiv:1308.5214. Retrieved 22 Aug 2013. Lay summary.
^ Intraocular pressure measure on normal eyes by Pardianto G et al., in Mimbar Ilmiah Oftalmologi Indonesia.2005;2:78-9.
^ Effect of Oral Glycerol on Intraocular Pressure in Normal and Glaucomatous Eyes, S. M. Drance, MD, FRCS (ENG) Arch Ophthalmol. 1964;72(4):491-493. doi:10.1001/archopht.1964.00970020491009
^ Sena DF, Lindsley K (2013). "Neuroprotection for treatment of glaucoma in adults". Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD006539. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006539.pub3. PMC 3478138. PMID 20166085.
^ Intraocular pressure measure on normal eyes by Pardianto G et al., in Mimbar Ilmiah Oftalmologi Indonesia.2005;2: 80.

External links

www.allaboutvision.com What To Expect During a Comprehensive Eye Exam
www.emedicinehealth.com Ocular Hypertension
www.opt.indiana.edu Non-Contact Tonometry

UpToDate Contents

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1. 開放隅角緑内障：疫学、臨床症状、および診断 open angle glaucoma epidemiology clinical presentation and diagnosis
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Efficacy of selective laser trabeculoplasty for normal tension glaucoma: 1 year results.

Lee JW, Ho WL, Chan JC, Lai JS.
BMC ophthalmology.BMC Ophthalmol.2015 Jan 8;15(1):1. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is commonly treated with anti-glaucoma medications. Recently, selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) has been demonstrated to lower the intraocular pressure (IOP) and medication use in NTG. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a single
PMID 25571769

Significance of corneal biomechanical properties in patients with progressive normal-tension glaucoma.

Park JH1, Jun RM1, Choi KR1.
The British journal of ophthalmology.Br J Ophthalmol.2015 Jan 2. pii: bjophthalmol-2014-305962. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305962. [Epub ahead of print]
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PMID 25555704

The effect of corneal biomechanical properties on rebound tonometer in patients with normal-tension glaucoma.

Shin J1, Lee JW2, Kim EA3, Caprioli J3.
American journal of ophthalmology.Am J Ophthalmol.2015 Jan;159(1):144-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.10.007. Epub 2014 Oct 13.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of corneal biomechanical properties on intraocular pressure (IOP) measured with the ICare, and to compare IOP readings obtained with ICare, Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA), and Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) in normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) and normal subjects.D
PMID 25308786

Japanese Journal

人間ドックにおける緑内障の調査

村越好美,鈴木優子,澤木由里香 [他]
人間ドック = Ningen Dock : official journal of the Japanese Society of Human Dry Dock 29(1), 42-46, 2014-06
NAID 40020148023

Association of Blood Pressure and Body Mass Index with Intraocular Pressure in Middle-aged and Older Japanese Residents:A Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Study

Yoshida Masao,Ishikawa Mamoru,Karita Kanae,Kokaze Akatsuki,Harada Matsuko,Take Shinichiro,Ohno Hideki
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… Therefore, managementof BP and improvement of obesity might be especially important to Japanese patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension as they have a higher incidence of normal-tension glaucoma than Europeans and Americans. …
NAID 120005372643