WordNet

the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit); "the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure" (同)pressure level, force per unit area
an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin; "the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal" (同)pressure_sensation
a force that compels; "the public brought pressure to bear on the government"
supply the inspiration for; "The article about the artist inspired the exhibition of his recent work"
heighten or intensify; "These paintings exalt the imagination" (同)animate, invigorate, enliven, exalt
showing favoritism
being or affecting only a part; not total; "a partial description of the suspect"; "partial collapse"; "a partial eclipse"; "a partial monopoly"; "partial immunity"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『押すこと』,『押しつけること』,圧搾,圧縮;〈C〉〈U〉『圧力』,圧力の強さ / 〈U〉『圧迫』,『強制』 / 〈U〉(不快な)圧迫感 / 〈C〉〈U〉(精神的な)重荷,苦脳;(時間・金銭的)切迫 / 〈U〉多忙,あわただしさ / 《おもに米》…‘に'圧力をかける,強制する(《英》pressurise)
〈人〉‘を'『鼓舞する』 / 〈作品など〉‘を'霊感を与えて生み出させる / (人に)〈考え・感情〉‘を'『呼び起こす』《+『名+『in』+『名』〈人〉》 / (考え・穏情を)〈人〉‘に'『呼び起こす』《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 空気を吸う(吸い込む)
(また『part』)『一部分の』,部分的な;不完全な / 不公平な,偏った / 《補語にのみ用いて》(…が)特に好きで《+『to』+『名』》
霊感を受けた

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/15 11:00:28」(JST)

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Pathophysiology sample values
BMP/ELECTROLYTES:
Na⁺ = 140	Cl⁻ = 100	BUN = 20	/
			Glu = 150
K⁺ = 4	CO₂ = 22	PCr = 1.0	\
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS:
HCO₃^- = 24	p_aCO₂ = 40	p_aO₂ = 95	pH = 7.40
ALVEOLAR GAS:
	p_ACO₂ = 36	p_AO₂ = 105	A-a g = 10
OTHER:
Ca = 9.5	Mg²⁺ = 2.0	PO₄ = 1
CK = 55	BE = −0.36	AG = 16
SERUM OSMOLARITY/RENAL:
PMO = 300	PCO = 295	POG = 5	BUN:Cr = 20
URINALYSIS:
UNa⁺ = 80	UCl⁻ = 100	UAG = 5	FENa = 0.95
UK⁺ = 25	USG = 1.01	UCr = 60	UO = 800
PROTEIN/GI/LIVER FUNCTION TESTS:
LDH = 100	TP = 7.6	AST = 25	TBIL = 0.7
ALP = 71	Alb = 4.0	ALT = 40	BC = 0.5
		AST/ALT = 0.6	BU = 0.2
AF alb = 3.0	SAAG = 1.0		SOG = 60
CSF:
CSF alb = 30	CSF glu = 60	CSF/S alb = 7.5	CSF/S glu = 0.4

The factors that determine the values for alveolar PO₂ and PCO₂ are:

The pressure of outside air
The partial pressures of inspired oxygen and carbon dioxide
The rates of total body oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production
The rates of alveolar ventilation and perfusion

Following is a list of average partial pressures (in torr) for a human at rest:

Partial pressure of oxygen

Location	pO₂ (mmHg)
Ambient air	160 (P_AO₂)
Arterial blood	80-100 (P_aO₂)
Venous blood	40-50
Lung Capillaries	20-40

The alveolar oxygen partial pressure is lower than the atmospheric O₂ partial pressure for two reasons.

Firstly, as the air enters the lungs, it is humidified by the upper airway and thus the partial pressure of water vapour (47 mmHg) reduces the oxygen partial pressure to about 150 mmHg.
The rest of the difference is due to the continual uptake of oxygen by the pulmonary capillaries, and the continual diffusion of CO₂ out of the capillaries into the alveoli.

The alveolar pO₂ is not routinely measured but is calculated from blood gas measurements by the Alveolar gas equation.

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Location	pCO₂ (Torr)
Outside air - dry air at sea level	0.3
Alveolar air	35
Arteriole blood	40
Venous blood	50
Cells	50

The pCO2, along with the pH, can be used to distinguish among metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis.

Pathology

Hypoventilation exists when the ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation increases above normal values.

Hyperventilation exists when the same ratio decreases.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 呼気終末陽圧（PEEP） positive end expiratory pressure peep
2. 小児における急性重症喘息の増悪：集中治療室（ICU）でのマネージメント acute severe asthma exacerbations in children intensive care unit management
3. 機械的人工換気のモード modes of mechanical ventilation
4. 機械的人工換気の概要 overview of mechanical ventilation
5. 新生児における機械的人工換気 mechanical ventilation in neonates

English Journal

Partial vision recovery after iatrogenic retinal artery occlusion.

Hsiao SF, Huang YH1.
BMC ophthalmology.BMC Ophthalmol.2014 Oct 11;14(1):120. doi: 10.1186/1471-2415-14-120.
BACKGROUND: To describe the first case of partial vision recovery in a 32-year-old woman with iatrogenic retinal artery occlusion (RAO) following glabella calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) injection, and to explore appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures according to a literature review.CASE PR
PMID 25306218

Ventilation/perfusion ratios measured by multiple inert gas elimination during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Hartmann EK1, Duenges B, Boehme S, Szczyrba M, Liu T, Klein KU, Baumgardner JE, Markstaller K, David M.
Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.2014 Sep;58(8):1032-9. doi: 10.1111/aas.12378. Epub 2014 Jul 24.
BACKGROUND: During cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) the ventilation/perfusion distribution (VA /Q) within the lung is difficult to assess. This experimental study examines the capability of multiple inert gas elimination (MIGET) to determine VA /Q under CPR conditions in a pig model.METHODS: Twen
PMID 25060587

Pulmonary function after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in a porcine model.

Nielsen TK1, Hvas CL, Dobson GP, Tønnesen E, Granfeldt A.
Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.2014 Sep;58(8):1015-24. doi: 10.1111/aas.12355. Epub 2014 Jun 24.
BACKGROUND: Hemorrhagic shock may trigger an inflammatory response and acute lung injury. The combination adenosine, lidocaine (AL) plus Mg(2+) (ALM) has organ-protective and anti-inflammatory properties with potential benefits in resuscitation.The aims of this study were to investigate: (1) pulmona
PMID 24961485

Japanese Journal

Tacrolimus and Steroid Treatment for Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Horita Nobuyuki,Akahane Makiko,Okada Yukinori,Kobayashi Yosuke,Arai Takahiko,Amano Izuki,Takezawa Tomoko,To Masako,To Yasuo
Internal Medicine 50(3), 189-195, 2011
… We also observed lactate dehydrogenase levels, partial pressure of arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (P/F ratio), KL-6, occurrence of re-exacerbation, and computed tomography score. …
NAID 130000413092

Reduction of the PaO_2/FiO_2 Ratio in Acute Aortic Dissection : Relationship Between the Extent of Dissection and Inflammation

KURABAYASHI Manabu,OKISHIGE Kaoru,AZEGAMI Koji,UESHIMA Daisuke,SUGIYAMA Koji,SHIMURA Tsukasa,MAEDA Minetaka,AOYAGI Hideshi,ISOBE Mitsuaki
Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 74(10), 2066-2073, 2010-09-25
… C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, white blood cell (WBC) counts, body temperature and arterial partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) ratio were measured serially. …
NAID 10026640078