inhalation anesthetic

• 吸入麻酔薬

関

anesthetic gas、gaseous anesthetic、inhalational anesthetic、volatile anesthetic

WordNet

1. a drug that causes temporary loss of bodily sensations (同)anaesthetic, anesthetic_agent, anaesthetic agent
2. characterized by insensibility; "the young girls are in a state of possession--blind and deaf and anesthetic"; "an anesthetic state" (同)anaesthetic
3. the act of inhaling; the drawing in of air (or other gases) as in breathing (同)inspiration, aspiration, intake, breathing in

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 吸入;〈C〉吸入剤

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/02/06 07:51:18」(JST)

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Bottles of sevoflurane, isoflurane, enflurane, and desflurane, the common fluorinated ether anaesthetics used in clinical practice. These agents are colour-coded for safety purposes. Note the special fitting for desflurane, which boils at room temperature.

An inhalational anaesthetic is a chemical compound possessing general anaesthetic properties that can be delivered via inhalation. They are administered by anaesthetists (a term which includes anaesthesiologists, nurse anaesthetists, and anaesthesiologist assistants) through an anaesthesia mask, laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube connected to an anaesthetic vaporiser and an anaesthetic delivery system. Agents of significant contemporary clinical interest include volatile anaesthetic agents such as isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane, as well as certain anaesthetic gases such as nitrous oxide and xenon.

List of inhalational anaesthetic agents

Currently-used agents

• Desflurane
• Isoflurane
• Nitrous oxide
• Sevoflurane
• Xenon

Previously-used agents

Although some of these are still used in clinical practice and in research, the following anaesthetic agents are primarily of historical interest in developed countries:

• Chloroethane (ethyl chloride)
• Chloroform
• Cryofluorane
• Cyclopropane
• Diethyl ether
• Enflurane
• Ethylene
• Fluroxene
• Halothane (still widely used in the developing world and is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines)
• Methoxyflurane (still used currently as an analgesic)
• Methoxypropane
• Trichloroethylene
• Vinyl ether

Never-marketed agents

• Aliflurane
• Halopropane
• Norflurane
• Roflurane
• Synthane
• Teflurane

Volatile anaesthetics

Volatile anaesthetic agents share the property of being liquid at room temperature, but evaporating easily for administration by inhalation. All of these agents share the property of being quite hydrophobic (i.e., as liquids, they are not freely miscible with water, and as gases they dissolve in oils better than in water). The ideal volatile anaesthetic agent offers smooth and reliable induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia with minimal effects on other organ systems. In addition it is odourless or pleasant to inhale; safe for all ages and in pregnancy; not metabolised; rapid in onset and offset; potent; and safe for exposure to operating room staff. It is also cheap to manufacture; easy to transport and store, with a long shelf life; easy to administer and monitor with existing equipment; stable to light, plastics, metals, rubber and soda lime; non-flammable and environmentally safe. None of the agents currently in use are ideal, although many have some of the desirable characteristics. For example, sevoflurane is pleasant to inhale and is rapid in onset and offset. It is also safe for all ages. However, it is expensive (approximately 3 to 5 times more expensive than isoflurane), and approximately half as potent as isoflurane.

Gases

Other gases or vapors which produce general anaesthesia by inhalation include nitrous oxide, cyclopropane and xenon. These are stored in gas cylinders and administered using flowmeters, rather than vaporisers. Cyclopropane is explosive and is no longer used for safety reasons, although otherwise it was found to be an excellent anaesthetic. Xenon is odourless and rapid in onset, but is expensive and requires specialized equipment to administer and monitor. Nitrous oxide, even at 80% concentration, does not quite produce surgical level anaesthesia in most persons at standard atmospheric pressure, so it must be used as an adjunct anaesthetic, along with other agents.

Hyperbaric anaesthesia

Under hyperbaric conditions (pressures above normal atmospheric pressure), other gases such as nitrogen, and noble gases such as argon, krypton, and xenon become anaesthetics. When inhaled at high partial pressures (more than about 4 bar, encountered at depths below about 30 metres in scuba diving), nitrogen begins to act as an anaesthetic agent, causing nitrogen narcosis. However, the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for nitrogen is not achieved until pressures of about 20 to 30 atm (bar) are attained. Argon is slightly more than twice as anaesthetic as nitrogen per unit of partial pressure (see argox). Xenon however is a usable anaesthetic at 80% concentration and normal atmospheric pressure.

Neurological theories of action

Main article: Theories of general anaesthetic action

The full mechanism of action of volatile anaesthetic agents is unknown and has been the subject of intense debate. "Anesthetics have been used for 160 years, and how they work is one of the great mysteries of neuroscience," says anaesthesiologist James Sonner of the University of California, San Francisco. Anaesthesia research "has been for a long time a science of untestable hypotheses," notes Neil L. Harrison of Cornell University.

"Most of the injectable anesthetics appear to act on a single molecular target," says Sonner. "It looks like inhaled anesthetics act on multiple molecular targets. That makes it a more difficult problem to pick apart."

The possibility of anaesthesia by the inert gas argon in particular (even at 10 to 15 bar) suggests that the mechanism of action of volatile anaesthetics is an effect best described by physical chemistry, and not a chemical bonding action. However, the agent may bind to a receptor with a weak interaction . A physical interaction such as swelling of nerve cell membranes from gas solution in the lipid bilayer may be operative. Notably, the gases hydrogen, helium, and neon have not been found to have anaesthetic properties at any pressure. Helium at high pressures produces nervous irritation ("anti-anaesthesia"), suggesting that the anaesthetic mechanism(s) may be operated in reverse by this gas (i.e., nerve membrane compression). Also, some halogenated ethers (such as flurothyl) also possess this "anti-anaesthetic" effect, providing further evidence for this theory.

History

The concept was first used by Paracelsus in 1540. He used sweet oil of vitriol (prepared by Valerius Cordus and named Aether by Frobenius): used to feed fowl: “it was taken even by chickens and they fall asleep from it for a while but awaken later without harm”. Subsequently, about 40 years later, in 1581, Giambattista Delia Porta demonstrated the use of ether on humans although it was not employed for any type of surgical anesthesia.

See also

• A.C.E. mixture - a mixture of ethanol, chloroform and diethyl ether
• Anaesthetic
• Concentration effect
• Second gas effect

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 全身麻酔：導入 general anesthesia induction
• 2. 全身麻酔：維持と覚醒 general anesthesia maintenance and emergence
• 3. ハロタン肝炎 halothane hepatitis
• 4. 成人への麻酔導入時の気道確保に用いる声門上器具（ラリンジアルマスクなど） supraglottic devices including laryngeal mask airways for airway management for anesthesia in adults
• 5. 頭頚部手術で行う麻酔 anesthesia for head and neck surgery

English Journal

• Automatic detection and analysis of the EEG sharp wave-slow wave patterns evoked by fluorinated inhalation anesthetics.

• Olejarczyk E, Jozwik A, Zmyslowski W, Sobieszek A, Marciniak R, Byrczek T, Jalowiecki P, Bem T.SourceNałęcz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Trojdena 4 Str., 02-109 Warszawa, Poland.
• Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology.Clin Neurophysiol.2012 Aug;123(8):1512-22. Epub 2012 Feb 1.
• OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a method for the automatic detection of sharp wave-slow wave (SWSW) patterns evoked in EEG by volatile anesthetics and to identify the patterns' characteristics.METHODS: The proposed method consisted in the k-NN classification with a reference set obta
• PMID 22300687

• The effect of I-gel™ airway on intraocular pressure in pediatric patients who received sevoflurane or desflurane during strabismus surgery.

• Sahin A, Tüfek A, Cingü AK, Caça I, Tokgöz O, Balsak S.SourceDepartment of Ophthalmology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey  Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey  Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır State Hospital, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
• Paediatric anaesthesia.Paediatr Anaesth.2012 Aug;22(8):772-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03854.x. Epub 2012 Apr 12.
• Objectives:  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of I-gel(TM) laryngeal mask airway on intraocular pressure (IOP) in children with strabismus undergoing balanced anesthesia with sevoflurane or desflurane. Methods:  Forty-seven children, ASA physical status I, were scheduled for
• PMID 22494062

Japanese Journal

• セボフルラン麻酔中に発症した等頻度房室解離

• 水野 樹,森田 茂穂,神谷 晃平 他
• 麻酔 58(5), 645-648, 2009-05-00
• NAID 40016658482

• Effect of Age on Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) of Sevoflurane in Dogs

• YAMASHITA Kazuto,IWASAKI Yasunori,UMAR Mohammed A.,ITAMI Takaharu
• 日本獣醫學会会誌 71(11), 1509-1512, 2009
• … It is well known that the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of inhalation anesthetic decreases with increasing age. …
• NAID 130000134325

• The Effect of Sub-MAC Anesthesia and the Radiation Setting on Repeated Tail Flick Testing in Rats

• TAKASUGI Yoshihiro,FUYUTA Masaki,SUGIURA Junko,YABUTA Koichi,IWAMOTO Tatsushige,KOGA Yoshihisa
• Experimental Animals 57(1), 65-72, 2008
• … Inhalation anesthesia suppressed the TF reflex according to the inspiratory concentration of the volatile anesthetic. … One percent isoflurane inhalation and an IR20 heat intensity (which was 161.5 mW/cm² … Given these results, it can be concluded that the stimulator setting influenced TF latency, and that the inhalation of light anesthesia provided consistent scores on repeated TF testing.<br> …
• NAID 130000068004

Related Links

• inhalation anesthetic - definition of inhalation anesthetic by ...

inhalation anesthetic n. A gas or a vaporous liquid that produces general anesthesia when breathed. anesthetic 1. pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anesthesia. 2. a drug or agent used to abolish the sensation of pain, to ...

• inhalation anesthetic - Medical Dictionary

inhalation anesthetic n. A gas or a vaporous liquid that produces general anesthesia when breathed. anesthetic 1. pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anesthesia. 2. a drug or agent used to abolish the sensation of pain, to ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「volatile anesthetic」「gaseous anesthetic」「inhalational anesthetic」「anesthetic gas」
関連記事	「anesthetic」

「volatile anesthetic」

　　[★]

• 揮発性麻酔薬、揮発性吸入麻酔薬、吸入麻酔薬

関

gaseous anesthetic、inhalation anesthetic、inhalational anesthetic

「gaseous anesthetic」

　　[★]

• ガス麻酔薬、吸入麻酔薬

関

inhalation anesthetic、inhalational anesthetic、volatile anesthetic

「inhalational anesthetic」

　　[★]

• 吸入麻酔薬

関

gaseous anesthetic、inhalation anesthetic、volatile anesthetic

「anesthetic gas」

　　[★]

• 麻酔ガス

関

inhalation anesthetic

「anesthetic」

　　[★]

• ae`nэsθe'tik
• adj.

• 麻酔による

• n.

• 麻酔薬

• ex.

• anesthetic agent

関

anaesthetic、anaesthetics、anesthetic agent、anesthetic drug、anesthetics