infantile eczema

WordNet

1. of or relating to infants or infancy; "infantile paralysis"
2. being or befitting or characteristic of an infant; "infantile games"
3. generic term for inflammatory conditions of the skin; particularly with vesiculation in the acute stages

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》幼時の / 子供じみた;子供らしい
2. 湿疹(しっしん)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/25 21:07:19」(JST)

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Atopic dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis of the inside crease of the elbow.
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Dermatology
ICD-10	L20
ICD-9-CM	691.8
OMIM	603165
DiseasesDB	4113
MedlinePlus	000853
eMedicine	emerg/130 derm/38 ped/2567 oph/479
MeSH	D003876

Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a type of inflammation of the skin (dermatitis). It results in itchy, red, swollen, and cracked skin. Clear fluid may come from the affected areas which often become thickened over time. It typically starts in childhood with changing severity over the years. In children under one year of age much of the body may be affected. As they get older the back of the knees and front of the elbows are the most common area for the rash. In adults the hands and feet are most affected. Scratching worsens symptoms and affected people have an increased risk of skin infections. Many people with atopic dermatitis develop hay fever or asthma.

The cause is not known but believed to involve genetics, immune system dysfunction, environmental exposures, and difficulties with the permeability of the skin. If one identical twin is affected there is an 85% chance the other will also have the condition. Those who live in cities and dry climates are more commonly affected. Exposure to chemicals or frequent hand washing makes symptoms worse. While emotional stress may make the symptoms worse it is not a cause. The disorder is not contagious. The diagnosis is typically based on the signs and symptoms. Other diseases that need to be excluded before making a diagnosis include contact dermatitis, psoriasis, and seborrheic dermatitis.

Treatment involves avoiding things that make it worse, daily bathing with application of a moisturising cream afterwards, applying steroid creams when flares occur, and medications to help with itchiness. Things that commonly make it worse include wool clothing, soaps, perfumes, chlorine, dust, and cigarette smoke. Phototherapy may be useful in some people. Steroid pills may occasionally be used if other measures are not effective. Antibiotics (either by mouth or topically) may be needed if a bacterial infection develop. Dietary changes are only needed if food allergies are suspected.

Atopic dermatitis affects about 20% of people at some point in their lives. It is more common in younger children. Males and females are equally affected. Many people outgrow the condition. Atopic dermatitis is sometimes called eczema, a term that also refers to a larger group of skin conditions. Other names include "infantile eczema", "flexural eczema", "prurigo Besnier", "allergic eczema", and "neurodermatitis".

Signs and symptoms

Pattern of atopic eczema varies with age

People with AD often have dry and scaly skin that spans the entire body, except perhaps the diaper area, and intensely itchy red, splotchy, raised lesions to form in the bends of the arms or legs, face, and neck. These lesions then weep, crack, swell, and crust over. These lesions are at a heightened risk for bacterial, fungal, or viral colonisation.

Cause

The cause of AD is not known, although there is some evidence of genetic factors, and some evidence that growing up in a sanitary environment encourages AD.

It seems to have a genetic component. Many people with AD have a family history of atopy. Atopy is an immediate-onset allergic reaction such as asthma, food allergies, AD or hay fever. In 2006 it was discovered that mutations in the gene for the production of filaggrin strongly increased the risk for developing atopic dermatitis. Most importantly two mutations were found that affect approximately 5% of people in Western Europe that may disrupt the production of filaggrin. Filaggrin is a protein that plays an important role in the retention of water in the stratum corneum. People who have these mutations often have dry skin. Filaggrin also plays an important role in keeping the skin surface slightly acidic, hence giving it anti-microbial effects. It is broken down into trans-urocanic acid which keeps the pH low.

According to the hygiene hypothesis, when children are brought up exposed to allergens in the environment at a young age, their immune system is more likely to tolerate them, while children brought up in a modern "sanitary" environment are less likely to be exposed to those allergens at a young age, and, when they are finally exposed, develop allergies. There is some support for this hypothesis with respect to AD.

Those exposed to dogs while growing up have a lower risk of atopic dermatitis. There is also support from epidemiological studies for a protective role for helminths against AD. Likewise children with poor hygiene are at a lower risk for developing AD, as are children who drink unpasteurised milk. Exposure to dust mites is believed to contribute to one's risk of developing AD.

A diet high in fruits seems to have a protective effect against AD, whereas the opposite seems to be true for fast foods.

Diagnosis

Patch test

An atopy patch test can be used to determine whether or not a specific allergen is the cause of the rash. The test involves applying a series of allergens to the skin surface and evaluating the results in one to three days.

Treatments

There is no known cure for AD, although treatments may reduce the severity and frequency of flares. Applying moisturisers may prevent the skin from drying out and decrease the need for other medications. Affected persons often report that improvement of skin hydration parallels with improvement in AD symptoms. Additionally topical corticosteroids, especially hydrocortisone have proven themselves effective in managing AD. If topical corticosteroids and moisturisers fail, short-term treatment with topical calcineurin inhibitors like tacrolimus or pimecrolimus may be tried, although they are usually avoided as they can cause skin cancer or lymphoma. Alternatively systemic immunosuppressants may be tried such as ciclosporin, methotrexate, interferon gamma-1b, mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine. Antidepressants and naltrexone may be used to control pruritus (itchiness).

A more novel form of treatment involves exposure to broad or narrow-band ultraviolet (UV) light. UV radiation exposure has been found to have a localized immunomodulatory effect on affected tissues and may be used to decrease the severity and frequency of flares. In particular, Meduri et al. have suggested that the usage of UVA1 is more effective in treating acute flares, whereas narrow-band UVB is more effective in long-term management scenarios. However, UV radiation has also been implicated in various types of skin cancer, and thus UV treatment is not without risk. Vitamin D has also proven itself an effective treatment for AD.

It is often recommended that persons with AD bathe regularly in lukewarm baths, especially in salt water, in order to moisten their skin. Avoiding woollen clothing is usually recommended for those with AD, likewise silk, silver-coated clothing is often recommended as a therapeutic measure against AD. Dilute bleach baths have also been reported effective at managing AD.

Results of studies investigating the role of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) supplementation and LCPUFA status in the prevention and therapy of atopic diseases are controversial; therefore, at the present stage of our knowledge we cannot state either that the nutritional intake of n-3 fatty acids has a clear preventive or therapeutic role, or that the intake of n-6 fatty acids has a promoting role in context of atopic diseases.

Several probiotics seem to have a positive effect with a roughly 20% reduction in the rate of atopic dermatitis.

Epidemiology

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, many mucosal inflammatory disorders have become more common; atopic eczema (AE) is a classic example of such a disease. It now affects 15–30% of children and 2–10% of adults in developed countries and in the United States has nearly tripled in the past thirty to forty years. Over 15 million American adults and children have atopic dermatitis.

See also

• SCORAD
• List of cutaneous conditions caused by mutations in keratins

References

External links

• Atopic Dermatitis in children at Allergy UK
• NIH Handout on Health: Atopic Dermatitis

• DermAtlas 9

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. アトピー性皮膚炎（湿疹）の治療 treatment of atopic dermatitis eczema
• 2. Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (eczema)
• 3. 重症難治性アトピー性皮膚炎（湿疹）のマネージメント management of severe refractory atopic dermatitis eczema
• 4. 慢性的な手の湿疹 chronic hand eczema
• 5. アトピー性皮膚炎（湿疹）におけるアレルギーの役割 role of allergy in atopic dermatitis eczema

English Journal

• Estimation of the environmental effect of natural volatile organic compounds from Chamaecyparis obtusa and their effect on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice.

• Yang H1, Ahn C1, Choi IG2, Choi WS3, Park MJ4, Lee SS4, Choi DH4, Jeung EB1.
• Molecular medicine reports.Mol Med Rep.2015 Jul;12(1):345-50. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3431. Epub 2015 Mar 5.
• Aromatherapy has been suggested as an alternative therapeutic method for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD), eczema and other skin diseases. In the current study, the anti‑atopic properties of the volatile organic compounds of Chamaecyparis obtusa (VOCCo) were examined to determine whether th
• PMID 25760811

• Risk of developing major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders among adolescents and adults with atopic dermatitis: A nationwide longitudinal study.

• Cheng CM1, Hsu JW2, Huang KL2, Bai YM2, Su TP2, Li CT2, Yang AC2, Chang WH1, Chen TJ3, Tsai SJ4, Chen MH5.
• Journal of affective disorders.J Affect Disord.2015 Jun 1;178:60-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.02.025. Epub 2015 Mar 5.
• BACKGROUND: Previous cross-sectional studies have suggested a comorbid association between atopic dermatitis (AD) and depressive disorder as well as anxiety disorders, but the temporal relationship was not determined.METHODS: Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, 8208 AD pati
• PMID 25795537

Japanese Journal

• Childhood bullous pemphigoid treated by i.v. immunoglobulin

• Journal of dermatology 34(9), 650-653, 2007-09-01
• NAID 10023919054

• 湿疹,じんま疹 (特集 研修医のための外来診療の基本)

• 小児科診療 70(5), 845-849, 2007-05
• NAID 40015436914

• 乳児期発症食物アレルギーに関する検討(第1報) : 乳児アトピー性皮膚炎と食物アレルギーの関係

• アレルギー 55(2), 140-150, 2006-02-28
• NAID 110004665195

Related Links

• Infantile eczema - NetDoctor.co.uk - The UK's leading ...

Find out about infantile eczema, from the symptoms to who is particularly at risk. ... Many children in the western world suffer from infantile eczema or atopic dermatitis, a form of eczema (skin inflammation) that won’t stop itching.

• Infantile Eczema :: Eczema Symptoms

Borage Oil, An Effective New Treatment For infantile … Seborrhoeal eczema. J Cutan Dis. 1887; 5: 449-59. 2 Tollesson A. Frithz A. Berg A, Karlman G. Essential fatty acids in infantile seborrheic dermatitis. … Read Here Pediatric ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「乳児湿疹」
関連記事	「infantile」「eczema」

「乳児湿疹」

　　[★]

英

infantile eczema

関

アトピー性皮膚炎、アトピー性湿疹

「infantile」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 乳児性の、乳児の、小児性の、小児型の

関

baby、infant、newborn infant、puerility、suckling、sucklings

　 　 　

「eczema」

　　[★]

• n.

• 湿疹
• アトピー性皮膚炎