zealot

Zealots
Zealots
Leader	Judas of Galilee; Menahem ben Judah; John of Giscala; Simon bar Giora; Eleazar ben Simon; Eleazar ben Yair
Founded	6 CE
Dissolved	73 CE
Headquarters	Jerusalem,; Gush Halav,; Masada
Ideology	Jewish nationalism; Jewish orthodoxy

WordNet

excessive fervor to do something or accomplish some end; "he had an absolute zeal for litigation"
a member of an ancient Jewish sect in Judea in the first century who fought to the death against the Romans and who killed or persecuted Jews who collaborated with the Romans

PrepTutorEJDIC

熱狂者,狂言者
《軽べつして》熱狂,狂信
(…に対する)『熱心』,熱中,熱意(ardor)《+for+名》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/02/26 21:56:27」(JST)

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The Zealots were a political movement in 1st-century Second Temple Judaism, which sought to incite the people of Judea Province to rebel against the Roman Empire and expel it from the Holy Land by force of arms, most notably during the First Jewish–Roman War (66–70). Zealotry was the term used by Josephus for a "fourth sect" or "fourth Jewish philosophy" during this period.

Etymology

The term "zealot", the common translation of the Hebrew kanai (קנאי, frequently used in plural form, קנאים, kana'im), means one who is zealous on behalf of God. The term derives from Greek ζηλωτής (zelotes), "emulator, zealous admirer or follower".^[1]^[2]

History

Josephus' Jewish Antiquities^[3] states that there were three main Jewish sects at this time, the Pharisees, the Sadducees, and the Essenes. The Zealots were a "fourth sect", founded by Judas of Galilee (also called Judas of Gamala) in the year 6 CE against Quirinius' tax reform, shortly after the Roman Empire declared what had most recently been the tetrarchy of Herod Archelaus to be a Roman province, and that they "agree in all other things with the Pharisaic notions; but they have an inviolable attachment to liberty, and say that God is to be their only Ruler and Lord." (18.1.6)

According to the Jewish Encyclopedia article on Zealots:^[4]

Judah of Gaulanitis is regarded as the founder of the Zealots, who are identified as the proponents of the Fourth Philosophy. In the original sources, however, no such identification is anywhere clearly made, and the question is hardly raised of the relationship between the Sicarii, the upholders of the Fourth Philosophy, and the Zealots. Josephus himself in his general survey of the various groups of freedom fighters (War 7:268–70) enumerates the Sicarii first, whereas he mentions the Zealots last.

Others have also argued that the group was not so clearly marked out (before the first war of 66-70/3) as some have thought.^[5]

Simon the Zealot was listed among the apostles selected by Jesus in the Gospel of Luke^[6] and in the Acts of the Apostles.^[7]

Statue of Simon the Zealot by Hermann Schievelbein at the roof of the Helsinki Cathedral.

Two of Judas of Galilee's sons, Jacob and Simon, were involved in a revolt and were executed by Tiberius Alexander, the procurator of Iudaea province from 46 to 48.^[8]

The Zealots had the leading role in the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE). The Zealots objected to Roman rule and violently sought to eradicate it by generally targeting Romans and Greeks. Another group, likely related, were the Sicarii, who raided Jewish habitations and killed Jews they considered apostate and collaborators, while also urging Jews to fight Romans and other Jews for the cause. Josephus paints a very bleak picture of their activities as they instituted what he characterized as a murderous "reign of terror" prior to the Jewish Temple's destruction. According to Josephus], the Zealots followed John of Gischala, who had fought the Romans in Galilee, escaped, came to Jerusalem, and then inspired the locals to a fanatical position that led to the Temple's destruction. They succeeded in taking over Jerusalem, and held it until 70, when the son of Roman Emperor Vespasian, Titus, retook the city and destroyed Herod's Temple during the destruction of Jerusalem.

In the Talmud

In the Talmud, the Zealots are the non-religious (not following the religious leaders), and are also called the Biryonim (בריונים) meaning "boorish", "wild", or "ruffians", and are condemned for their aggression, their unwillingness to compromise to save the survivors of besieged Jerusalem, and their blind militarism against the Rabbis' opinion to seek treaties for peace. However, according to one body of tradition, the Rabbis initially supported the revolt up until the Zealots initiated a civil war, at which point all hope of resisting the Romans was deemed impossible.^[9] The Zealots are further blamed for having contributed to the demise of Jerusalem and the Second Temple, and of ensuring Rome's retributions and stranglehold on Judea. According to the Babylonian Talmud, Gittin:56b, the Biryonim destroyed decades' worth of food and firewood in besieged Jerusalem to force the Jews to fight the Romans out of desperation. This event directly led to the escape of Johanan ben Zakai out of Jerusalem, who met Vespasian, a meeting which led to the foundation of the Academy of Jamnia which produced the Mishnah which led to the survival of rabbinical Judaism.^[10]^[11] The Zealots advocated violence against the Romans, their Jewish collaborators, and the Sadducees, by raiding for provisions and other activities to aid their cause.^[12]

Sicarii

One particularly extreme group, perhaps a subgroup of the Zealots, was known in Latin as sicarii, meaning "violent men" or "dagger men" (sing. sicarius, possibly a morphological reanalysis), because of their policy of killing Jews opposed to their call for war against Rome. Perhaps many Zealots were sicarii simultaneously, and they may be the biryonim of the Talmud that were feared even by the Jewish sages of the Mishnah.

According to historian Hayim Hillel Ben-Sasson, the Sicarii, originally based in Galilee, "were fighting for a social revolution, while the Jerusalem Zealots placed less stress on the social aspect" and the Sicarii "never attached themselves to one particular family and never proclaimed any of their leaders king". Both groups objected to the way the priestly families were running the Temple.^[8]

Paul the Apostle

Taking the Greek word zelotes in Acts 22:3 and Galatians 1:14 of the New Testament to mean a 'Zealot' with capital Z (the earliest Greek manuscripts are uncials or all capital letters), an article^[13] by Mark R. Fairchild suggests that Paul the Apostle may have been a Zealot, which might have been the driving force behind his persecution of the Christians (see stoning of Saint Stephen) before his conversion to Christianity, and his incident at Antioch even after his conversion.

While most English translations of the Bible render this Greek word as the adjective "zealous", the word is a noun meaning 'adherent, loyalist, enthusiast; patriot, zealot'. A 'Zealot' with capital Z, however, would suggest a member of the particular Zealots, the group that emerged in Jerusalem ca. AD 6 according to Josephus, see above. In the two cited verses Paul literally declares himself as one who is loyal to God, or an ardent observer of the Law, but the relationship of Paul of Tarsus and Judaism is still debated. This does not necessarily prove Paul was revealing himself as a Zealot. A translation (the Modern King James Version of Jay P. Green) renders it as 'a zealous one'. Two modern translations (Jewish New Testament and Alternate Literal Translation) render it as 'a zealot'. The Unvarnished New Testament (1991) renders Galatians 1:14 as "...being an absolute zealot for the traditions...". These translations may not be inaccurate, but it is disputed by those who claim it gives the wrong association with the "Zealots".

Notes

^ Zealot, Online Etymology Dictionary
^ Zelotes, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus
^ "Josephus, Antiquities Book XVIII".
^ Jewish Encyclopedia | second edition | vol 21 | pg 472
^ Richard Horsley's "Bandits, Prophets, and Messiahs" and Tom Wright's "The New Testament and the People of God"
^ Luke 6:15
^ Acts 1:13
^ ^a ^b H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, page 275
^ Neusner, Jacob (1962). "6". A Life of Rabban Yohanan Ben Zakkai: Ca. I-80 C.E. E.J. Brill. ISBN 978-9004021389.
^ Solomon Schechter, Wilhelm Bacher. "Johanan B. Zakkai". Jewish Encyclopedia.
^ Bavli Gittin 56b
^ Sorek, Susan (2008). The Jews Against Rome: War in Palestine AD 66-73. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 98. ISBN 9781847252487.
^ Journals.cambridge.org, "Paul's Pre-Christian Zealot Associations: A Re-examination of Gal. 1:14 and Acts 22:3" by Mark R. Fairchild, Ph.d

External links

Smith, Sydney F. (1913). "Zeal". Catholic Encyclopedia.
"Zealot". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

English Journal

Costly bilingualism model in a population with one zealot.

Hong H1, Son SW.Author information 1Department of Physics and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea.AbstractWe consider a costly bilingualism model in which one can take two strategies in parallel. We investigate how a single zealot triggers the cascading behavior and how the compatibility of the two strategies affects when interacting patterns change. First, the role of the interaction range in the cascading is studied by increasing the range from local to global. We find that people sometimes do not favor taking the superior strategy even though its payoff is higher than that of the inferior one. This is found to be caused by the local interactions rather than the global ones. Applying this model to social networks, we find that the location of the zealot is also important for larger cascading in heterogeneous networks.
Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys.2013 Aug;88(2):022807. Epub 2013 Aug 8.
We consider a costly bilingualism model in which one can take two strategies in parallel. We investigate how a single zealot triggers the cascading behavior and how the compatibility of the two strategies affects when interacting patterns change. First, the role of the interaction range in the casca
PMID 24032883

Shooting the messenger: the vilification of Irving J. Selikoff.

McCulloch J1, Tweedale G.Author information 1School of Global Studies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. jock.mcculloch@rmit.edu.auAbstractDr. Irving J. Selikoff (1915-1992), a New York physician based at Mount Sinai Hospital, was the leading American medical expert on asbestos-related diseases between the 1960s and early 1990s. In a country that had been the world's greatest consumer of asbestos, he was also at the center of the key controversies connected with the mineral. In these controversies, Selikoff was consistently demonized as a media zealot who exaggerated the risks of asbestos on the back of bogus medical qualifications and flawed science. Since his death, the criticism has become even more vituperative and claims have persisted that he was malicious or a medical fraud. However, most of the attacks on Selikoff were inspired by the asbestos industry or its sympathizers, and for much of his career he was the victim of a sustained and orchestrated campaign to discredit him. The most serious criticisms usually more accurately describe his detractors than Selikoff himself.
International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation.Int J Health Serv.2007;37(4):619-34.
Dr. Irving J. Selikoff (1915-1992), a New York physician based at Mount Sinai Hospital, was the leading American medical expert on asbestos-related diseases between the 1960s and early 1990s. In a country that had been the world's greatest consumer of asbestos, he was also at the center of the key c
PMID 18072311

Does a single zealot affect an infinite group of voters?

Mobilia M.Author information Laboratoire d'Optoélectronique des Matériaux Moléculaires (LOMM), Institut des Matériaux (IMX), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne EPFL, Switzerland.AbstractA method for studying the exact properties of a class of inhomogeneous stochastic many-body systems is developed and presented in the framework of a voter model perturbed by the presence of a "zealot," an individual allowed to favor an "opinion." We compute exactly the magnetization of this model and find that in one (1D) and two dimensions (2D) it evolves, algebraically ( approximately t(-1/2)) in 1D and much slower ( approximately 1/ln(t) in 2D, towards the unanimity state chosen by the zealot. In higher dimensions the stationary magnetization is no longer uniform: the zealot cannot influence all the individuals. The implications to other physical problems are also pointed out.
Physical review letters.Phys Rev Lett.2003 Jul 11;91(2):028701. Epub 2003 Jul 11.
A method for studying the exact properties of a class of inhomogeneous stochastic many-body systems is developed and presented in the framework of a voter model perturbed by the presence of a "zealot," an individual allowed to favor an "opinion." We compute exactly the magnetization of this model an
PMID 12906515

Japanese Journal

自学の系譜(3)自学する草莽たれ! : 無名の鬼・村上一郎に学ぶこと

飯島勤
社会臨床雑誌 20(3), 42-54, 2013-03-31
NAID 40019667908

Free RidersとZealotsの均衡

金子太郎
理論と方法 25(1), 145-160, 2010
… This paper examines a Bayesian Nash equilibrium in N-person Chicken game when the relevant group consists of Chicken type,Zealot-1 type and Zealot-2 type players. …
NAID 130000442526

新島襄と幕末維新の動乱 : 天誅組の烈士原田亀太郎との交友を中心に

八木橋康広
新島研究 98, 111-142, 2007-02
NAID 110007121797

Related Pictures

Zealot by mqken on DeviantArt Starcraft Zealot Protoss zealot. embed Zealot - StarCraft and StarCraft II Wiki Christ In Context: 'Zealot' Explores The Build order] Guide débutant Protoss Zealot ( Warframe Concept) - Fan Concepts Zealot image - StarCraft: Sons of War mod

[1] Zealot, Online Etymology Dictionary

[2] Zelotes, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus

[3] "Josephus, Antiquities Book XVIII".

[4] Jewish Encyclopedia | second edition | vol 21 | pg 472

[5] Richard Horsley's "Bandits, Prophets, and Messiahs" and Tom Wright's "The New Testament and the People of God"

[6] Luke 6:15

[7] Acts 1:13

[Ben-Sasson-8] H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, page 275

[9] Neusner, Jacob (1962). "6". A Life of Rabban Yohanan Ben Zakkai: Ca. I-80 C.E. E.J. Brill. ISBN 978-9004021389.

[10] Solomon Schechter, Wilhelm Bacher. "Johanan B. Zakkai". Jewish Encyclopedia.

[11] Bavli Gittin 56b

[12] Sorek, Susan (2008). The Jews Against Rome: War in Palestine AD 66-73. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 98. ISBN 9781847252487.

[13] Journals.cambridge.org, "Paul's Pre-Christian Zealot Associations: A Re-examination of Gal. 1:14 and Acts 22:3" by Mark R. Fairchild, Ph.d

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