同: UPPP

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/05 16:13:58」(JST)

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Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (also known by the abbreviations UPPP and UP3) is a surgical procedure or sleep surgery used to remove tissue and/or remodel tissue in the throat. Tissues which may typically be removed include:

The tonsils
The adenoids

Tissues which may typically be remodeled include:

The uvula (see uvulotomy)
The soft palate
The pharynx

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. A) pre-operative, B) original UPPP, C) modified UPPP, and D) minimal UPPP.

How UPPP is administered

UPPP involves the removal of the tonsils, followed by removal of the anterior surface of the soft palate and uvula, folding of the uvula toward the soft palate and suturing it together as demonstrated in the figures. In the US, UPPP is the most commonly performed procedure for obstructive sleep apnea, with approximately 33,000 procedures per year. The surgery is more successful in patients who are not obese, and there is a limited role in morbidly obese (>40 kg/m2).

Procedural details

Standard UPPP procedure

UPPP is typically administered to patients with obstructive sleep apnea in isolation. It is administered as a stand-alone procedure in the hope that the tissue which obstructs the patient's airway is localized in the back of the throat. The rationale is that, by removing the tissue, the patient's airway will be wider and breathing will become easier.

The Role of UPPP in the "Stanford Protocol" operation

UPPP is also offered to sleep apnea patients who opt for a more comprehensive surgical procedure known as the "The Stanford Protocol", first attempted by Doctors Nelson Powell and Robert Riley of Stanford University. The Stanford Protocol consists of two phases. The first involves surgery of the soft tissue (tonsillectomy, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty) and the second involves skeletal surgeries (maxillomandibular advancement). First, Phase 1 or soft tissue surgery is performed and after re-testing with a new sleep study, if there is residual sleep apnea, then Phase 2 surgery would consist of jaw surgery. The goal is to improve the airway and thereby treat (or possibly cure) sleep apnea. It has been found that obstructive sleep apnea usually involves multiple sites where tissue obstructs the airway; the base of the tongue is often involved. The Protocol successively addresses these multiple sites of obstruction. Note that genioglossus advancement can be performed either during Phase 1 or Phase 2 surgeries.

Phase 2 involves maxillomandibular advancement, a surgery which moves the jaw top (maxilla) and bottom (mandible) forward. The tongue muscle is anchored to the chin, and translation of the mandible forward pulls the tongue forward as well. If the procedure achieves the desired results, when the patient sleeps and the tongue relaxes, it will no longer be able to block the airway. Success is much better for Phase 2 than for Phase 1 - approximately 90 percent benefit from the second phase, and the success of the Stanford Protocol Operation therefore is due in large part to this second phase.

There is debate among surgeons as to the role of Phase 1 surgery. In 2002, an Atlanta-based surgical team, led by Dr. Jeffrey Prinsell, published results which have approximated those of the Stanford team when UPPP was not included in their mix of surgeries.

Success

The effectiveness of UPPP in isolation

When UPPP has been administered in isolation, the results are variable. As explained above, sleep apnea is often caused by multiple co-existing obstructions at various locations of the airway such as the nasal cavity, and particularly the base of the tongue. The contributing factors in the variability of success include the pre-surgical size of the tonsils, palate, uvula and tongue base. Also, patients who are morbidly obese (body mass index >40 kg/m2) are significantly less likely to have success from this surgery.

Effectiveness of "The Stanford Protocol" operation

Over one thousand people have undergone The Stanford Protocol operation and received follow-up sleep study testing. The results have been that 60 to 70 percent of patients have been entirely cured. In approximately ninety percent of patients, a significant improvement can be expected.

Multilevel approach In the recent years, many surgeons have tried to address the multiple levels of obstruction by performing multiple procedures on the same surgical day, called the "multi-level approach". Typical surgeries in a multi-level approach may include:

Nasal-level surgeries

turbinoplasty, septoplasty, septorhinoplasty

Soft palate-level surgeries

uvulectomy, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, tonsillectomy

Hypopharyngeal-level surgeries

hyoid suspension
tongue suspension
tongue base reduction
genioglossus advancement

This approach improves postoperative results in well-selected patients.^[1]

Laser-assisted uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

See Uvulopalatoplasty

Risks

One of the risks is that by cutting the tissues, excess scar tissue can "tighten" the airway and make it even smaller than it was before UPPP. Some individuals who have undergone UPPP as a stand-alone procedure have written on internet forums that they experienced a worsening of their breathing following UPPP [1] [2] [3]. Others have spoken of severe acid reflux.

After surgery, complications may include these:

Sleepiness and sleep apnea related to post-surgery medication
Swelling, infection and bleeding
A sore throat and/or difficulty swallowing
Drainage of secretions into the nose and a nasal quality to the voice. English language speech does not seem to be affected by this surgery.
Narrowing of the airway in the nose and throat (hence constricting breathing) snoring and even iatrogenically caused sleep apnea.
Patients who have had the uvula removed will become unable to correctly speak French or any other language that has a uvular 'r' phoneme.

In 2008, Dr. Labra, et al., from Mexico, published a variation of UP3, by adding a uvulopalatal flap, in order to avoid such complications, with a good rate of success.^[2]

References

^ Handler, Ethan (January 2014). "Dr.". The Laryngoscope 124: 329–336. doi:10.1002/lary.24187.
^ Labra A, Huerta-Delgado AD, Gutierrez-Sanchez C, Cordero-Chacon SA, Basurto-Madero P (April 2008). "Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and uvulopalatal flap for the treatment of snoring: technique to avoid complications". J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 37 (2): 256–9. PMID 19128622.

WebMDHealth. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for snoring Retrieved August 26, 2005.
Royal College of Surgeons Audit Symposium March 8th 2002 Retrieved April 22, 2006.
University of Maryland Medical Center Patient Education - UPPP Retrieved April 22, 2006.
The Vancouver Sleep and Breathing Centre May 30, 2006 Risks associated with LAUP surgeries

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における閉塞性睡眠時無呼吸の外科的治療 surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in adults
2. 成人における閉塞性睡眠時無呼吸の上気道画像検査 upper airway imaging in obstructive sleep apnea in adults
3. 成人における閉塞性睡眠時無呼吸のマネージメント management of obstructive sleep apnea in adults
4. 小児における閉塞性睡眠時無呼吸のマネージメント management of obstructive sleep apnea in children
5. 成人における扁桃摘出 tonsillectomy in adults

English Journal

Randomized comparison of the Pentax AirWay Scope and Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.

Kim MK, Park SW, Lee JW.SourceDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-872, Republic of Korea.
British journal of anaesthesia.Br J Anaesth.2013 Oct;111(4):662-6. doi: 10.1093/bja/aet201. Epub 2013 Jun 9.
BACKGROUND: /st> Patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) can often present difficulties in intubation. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of the Pentax AirWay Scope (AWS) with that of the Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patients with OSA.METHODS: /st> Forty-six pat
PMID 23752209

Combined elliptical window genioglossus advancement, hyoid bone suspension, and uvulopalatopharyngoplasty decrease apnea hypopnea index and subjective daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea.

Cillo JE Jr, Dalton PS, Dattilo DJ.SourceAssistant Professor and Program Director, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA. Electronic address: jecdna@aol.com.
Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.J Oral Maxillofac Surg.2013 Oct;71(10):1729-32. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2013.06.001. Epub 2013 Aug 8.
PURPOSE: The objective and subjective outcomes of combined mandibular elliptical window genioglossus advancement, hyoid bone suspension, and uvulopalatopharyngoplasty procedures have not been evaluated. This study was conducted to evaluate postoperative changes in the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and
PMID 23932115

Theoretical approach towards increasing effectiveness of palatal surgery in obstructive sleep apnea: role for concomitant positional therapy?

van Maanen JP, Witte BI, de Vries N.SourceDepartment of Otolaryngology/Head Neck Surgery, Sint Lucas Andreas Hospital, Jan Tooropstraat 164, 1061 AE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, p.vanmaanen@slaz.nl.
Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung.Sleep Breath.2013 Sep 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE: The aims of this study are to evaluate the effect of palatal surgery (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) or Z-palatoplasty (ZPP)) with or without (+/-) concomitant radiofrequent ablation of the base of the tongue (RFTB) on body position-specific apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) values in patients w
PMID 24014179