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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/14 14:25:23」(JST)

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Urothelium (or uroepithelium) is an example of "transitional epithelium". It is the type of epithelium that lines much of the urinary tract including the renal pelvis, the ureters, the bladder, and parts of the urethra.^[1]

Structure and function

Urothelial tissue is highly specific to the urinary tract, and has high elasticity and trans-epithelial electrical resistance.^[1]

Urothelium consists of approximately 3-5 cell layers, accompanied by a thick layer of protective glycoprotein plaques at its luminal (apical) surface, and is classified as transitional epithelium.^{[citation needed]}

Pathology

Epithelia are sites of specific diseases.^{[citation needed]}

Cancers that originate in epithelial cells are termed carcinomas, and they are characterized as having lost the mature, differentiated morphology and molecular patterns of the normal tissue. Infectious diseases also afflict epithelia where diverse microbes (viruses, bacteria, fungi) have surface structures that bind specific features of particular epithelial cells (e.g., influenza virus binds respiratory epithelium). Genetic defects can also inhibit normal epithelial integrity, such as defects in intercellular adhesion molecules that result in blistering diseases.^{[citation needed]}
The second most common infectious disease is urinary tract infection (UTI). UTIs afflict approximately half of all women during their lifetime, and about 25% of these women will suffer recurrent UTIs. The majority of these infections are due to uropathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria (commonly known as E. coli). However, UTIs can also develop in healthcare settings and such infections are caused by a greater frequency of non-E. coli bacteria.^{[citation needed]}
One unusual condition which affects the urothelium is interstitial cystitis (IC), a condition with symptoms similar to UTI (urinary frequency, urinary urgency, pressure and/or pain). Urine culture, however, is negative. During hydrodistention of the bladder, small petechial hemorrhages (aka glomerulations) are frequently found throughout the bladder. Larger "Hunner's Ulcers", known for their characteristic waterfall bleeding effect, represent larger areas of bladder wall thinning and/or trauma. The cause of IC is currently unknown though some suggest that it could be genetic, the result of traumatic injury (aka chemical exposure), infection, autoimmune disease, etc. Researcher Susan Keay (University of Maryland) has found an unusual protein in the urine of IC patients which appears to interfere with healing, known as an Antiproliferative Factor. Research efforts into IC are focused on the urothelium, including newly discovered signaling molecules which suggest that the urothelium is far more than a barrier, as well as how the urothelium interacts with proximal nerves and smooth muscle.^{[citation needed]}
Urothelium is susceptible to carcinoma. Because the bladder is in contact with urine for extended periods, chemicals that become concentrated in the urine can cause Bladder cancer. For example, cigarette smoking leads to the concentration of carcinogens in the urine and is a leading cause of bladder cancer. Occupational exposure to certain chemicals is also a risk factor for bladder cancer.^{[citation needed]} This can include aromatic amines (aniline dye), polycytic aromatic hydrocarbons, and diesel engine exhaust.^[2]

Urothelial lesions

Papillary urothelial lesions
- Papillary urothelial hyperplasia
- Urothelial papilloma
- Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP)
- Low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
- High-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
- Invasive urothelial carcinoma
Flat urothelial lesions
- Reactive urothelial atypia
- Urothelial inverted papilloma
- Urothelial atypia of unknown significance
- Urothelial dysplasia
- Urothelial carcinoma in situ
Invasive urothelial carcinoma
- Invasive urothelial carcinoma (NOS)
- Urothelial carcinoma with inverted growth pattern
- Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation
- Urothelial carcinoma with villoglandular differentiation
- Urothelial carcinoma, micropapillary variant
- Urothelial carcinoma, lymphoepithelioma-like variant
- Urothelial carcinoma, clear cell (glycogen-rich) variant
- Urothelial carcinoma, lipoid cell variant
- Urothelial carcinoma with syncitiotrophoblastic giant cells
- Urothelial carcinoma with rhabdoid differentiation
- Urothelial carcinoma similar to giant cell tumor of bone

References

Notes

^ ^a ^b Andersson, 2011: p. 134
^ "Bladder cancer risk factors". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved 27 July 2014.

Bibliography

Andersson, Karl-Erik (2011). Urinary Tract. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-16498-9.

External links

www.urothelium.com is an online resource for information about Human Urothelium and the "Biomimetic Urothelium"
Urothelium at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Histology at qmul.ac.uk
Diagram at umich.edu
Histology at wisc.edu

UpToDate Contents

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1. 女性における再発性尿路感染症 recurrent urinary tract infection in women
2. Urinary tract infections in children: Epidemiology and risk factors
3. Sampling and evaluation of voided urine in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in adults
4. 尿路感染症における細菌付着およびその他の病原因子 bacterial adherence and other virulence factors for urinary tract infection
5. ハーブ含有アリストロキン酸（AA）誘発性腎症 nephropathy induced by aristolochic acid aa containing herbs

English Journal

Imidazolium Salts as Small-Molecule Urinary Bladder Exfoliants in a Murine Model.

Wagers PO1, Tiemann KM2, Shelton KL1, Kofron WG1, Panzner MJ1, Wooley KL3, Youngs WJ1, Hunstad DA4.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2015 Sep;59(9):5494-502. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00881-15. Epub 2015 Jun 29.
We present a novel family of small-molecule urinary bladder exfoliants that are expected to be of great value in preclinical studies of urologic conditions and have improved potential for translation compared with prior agents. There is broad urologic interest in the therapeutic potential of such ex
PMID 26124168

DUOX2 promotes the elimination of the Klebsiella pneumoniae strain K5 from T24 cells through the reactive oxygen species pathway.

Lu H1, Wu Q2, Yang H1.
International journal of molecular medicine.Int J Mol Med.2015 Aug;36(2):551-8. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2234. Epub 2015 Jun 3.
Dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) plays a major role in host defense in intestinal and airway epithelial cells through the reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a uropathogen that causes urinary tract infections. It is not known whether DUOX2 plays a role in host defense in bladder
PMID 26046128

Mosaic tetrasomy 20p associated with osteoporosis and recurrent fractures.

Maziad AS1, Seaver LH1,2.
American journal of medical genetics. Part A.Am J Med Genet A.2015 Jul;167(7):1582-6. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37074. Epub 2015 Apr 21.
Tetrasomy 20p is a very rare chromosome abnormality, with only two single cases previously reported in the literature, both fetuses with multiple congenital anomalies, osteopenia, and fractures. We report on the first case of mosaic tetrasomy 20p in a 13-year-old male. Amniocentesis karyotype showed
PMID 25900371

Japanese Journal

Laminin, VEGF, and Bone Matrix Protein Expression in Uroepithelial Bone Induction-a Canine Model

XIAO Yin,GOSS Ben,SHI Wei,FORSYTHE Mike,CAMPBELL Alistair,NICOL David,WILLIAMS Richard,CRAWFORD Ross
Connective tissue research 47(2), 102-109, 2006-04-01
NAID 10021230519

Constructing a tissue-engineered ureter using a decellularized matrix with cultured uroepithelial cells and bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells

MATSUNUMA H
Tissue Eng. 12, 509-518, 2006
NAID 80018996072

Curli Fibers Are Required for Development of Biofilm Architecture in Escherichia coli K-12 and Enhance Bacterial Adherence to Human Uroepithelial Cells

Kikuchi Tatsuya,Mizunoe Yoshimitsu,Takade Akemi [他]
Microbiology and Immunology 49(9), 875-884, 2005
NAID 40006844075

「urothelial」

Urothelium
	Transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder. Note the rounded surface of the apical cells -- a distinguishing characteristic of this type of epithelium.
	Transverse section of ureter.
Identifiers
FMA	67695
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]